Annual and Transition Report (foreign Private Issuer) (20-f)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

o	REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

x	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013

OR

o	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

o	SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

For the transition period from to

Commission file number: 001-33858

ChinaEdu Corporation

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Not Applicable

(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

Cayman Islands

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

ChinaEdu Corporation

4 th Floor-A, GeHua Building

No. 1 Qinglong Hutong, Dongcheng District

Beijing, 100007

The People’s Republic of China

(Address of principal executive offices)

Yixin Mei

Chief Financial Officer

ChinaEdu Corporation

4th Floor-A, GeHua Building

No. 1 Qinglong Hutong, Dongcheng District

Beijing, 100007

The People’s Republic of China

Telephone: 86-10-8418-6655

Email: ir@chinaedu.net

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.

Title of each class		Name of each exchange on which registered
American Depositary Shares, each representing three ordinary shares, par value US$0.01 per share		The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (NASDAQ Global Market)
Ordinary shares, par value US$0.01 per share		The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (NASDAQ Global Market)*

* Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing on the Nasdaq Global Market of the American Depositary Shares

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

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Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

30,883,842ordinary shares, par value $0.01 per ordinary share as of December 31, 2013

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

o Yes x No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

o Yes x No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

x Yes o No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

x Yes o No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer o

Accelerated filer x

Non-accelerated filer o

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP x

International Financial Reporting Standards as issued
by the International Accounting Standards Board o

Other o

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

o Item 17 o Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

o Yes x No

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.

o Yes o No

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION		1
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS		2
PART I		2
Item 1.	Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers	2
Item 2.	Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable	2
Item 3.	Key Information	2
Item 4.	Information on the Company	34
Item 4A.	Unresolved Staff Comments	60
Item 5.	Operating and Financial Review and Prospects	60
Item 6.	Directors, Senior Management and Employees	88
Item 7.	Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions	97
Item 8.	Financial Information	99
Item 9.	The Offering and Listing	100
Item 10.	Additional Information	102
Item 11.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	112
Item 12.	Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities	113
PART II		114
Item 13.	Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies	114
Item 14.	Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds	114
Item 15.	Controls and Procedures	115
Item 16A.	Audit Committee Financial Expert	116
Item 16B.	Code of Ethics	117
Item 16C.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	117
Item 16D.	Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees	117
Item 16E.	Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers	118
Item 16F.	Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant	119
Item 16G.	Corporate Governance	119
PART III		119
Item 17.	Financial Statements	119
Item 18.	Financial Statements	119
Item 19.	Exhibits	119

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INTRODUCTION

	Unless otherwise indicated and except where the context otherwise requires, references in this annual report on Form 20-F to:

·	“we,” “us,” “our company” or “our” refer to ChinaEdu Corporation, its predecessor entities and subsidiaries;

·	“China” or “PRC” refer to the People’s Republic of China, excluding Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau;

·	“shares,” “ordinary shares,” or “common shares” refer to our ordinary shares, par value US$0.01 per share;

·	“ADSs” refer to our American Depositary Shares, each of which represents three ordinary shares, and “ADRs” refers to the American Depositary Receipts that evidence our ADSs;

·	“RMB” or “Renminbi” refer to the legal currency of China; and

·	“$,” “dollars,” “US$” or “U.S. dollars” refer to the legal currency of the United States.

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts are forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

You can identify these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “is expected to,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “is/are likely to” or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include:

· our anticipated growth strategies;

· our future business development, results of operations and financial condition;

· expected changes in our revenues and certain cost and expense items;

· our ability to increase student enrollments and course fees and expand program, service and product offerings;

· competition in the language training, test preparation, primary and secondary education, educational content, software and other technology development and online education markets;

· risks associated with our offering of new educational programs, services and products and the expansion of our geographic reach;

· risks associated with our existing development projects, including construction delays or cost overruns with respect to our pending campus construction projects and the build out of our learning center network, which may increase project costs, and the failure of the learning centers to perform as expected;

· the expected increase in expenditures on education in China;

· PRC laws, regulations and policies relating to private education and providers of private educational services; and

· general economic, business and other market conditions in the PRC and worldwide, including the ability of the general global economy to recover timely from the current economic downturn.

You should read thoroughly this annual report and the documents that we refer to herein with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from and/or worse than what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements. Other sections of this annual report include additional factors which could adversely impact our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The forward-looking statements made in this annual report relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this annual report. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

PART I

Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers

Not applicable.

Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

Not applicable.

Item 3. Key Information

A. Selected Financial Data

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Selected Condensed Consolidated Financial Data

The following selected condensed consolidated statement of operations data for the three years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 and selected condensed consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2012 and 2013 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report. These consolidated financial statements have been audited by Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP Beijing Branch, an independent registered public accounting firm. The selected condensed consolidated statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2009 and 2010 and selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements, which are not included in this annual report. Our audited consolidated financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or U.S. GAAP. The historical results are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected in any future period. The selected condensed consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with, and are qualified in their entirety by reference to, our consolidated financial statements and related notes and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results” included elsewhere in this annual report.

	Years ended December 31,
	200 9		20 10		201 1		201 2		201 3		201 3
	R MB		R MB		R MB		R MB		R MB		U S$
	(In thousands, except per share data)

Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations Data:
Net revenue
Online degree programs	285,178		310,005		347,107		393,343		438,375		72 , 414
Online tutoring programs	19,584		23,669		25,755		25,266		31 , 312		5 , 172
Private primary and secondary schools	30,627		41,054		49,653		59,937		68 , 747		11 , 357
International and elite curriculum programs	19,317		14,114		13,344		9,776		9 , 506		1 , 570
Net revenue	354,706		388,842		435,859		488,322		547 , 940		90 , 513
Cost of revenue	(138,362	)	(147,702	)	(185,604	)	(202,109	)	( 210 , 999	)	( 34 , 855	)
Gross profit	216,344		241,140		250,255		286,213		336 , 941		55 , 658
Operating expenses
General and administrative	(82,858	)	(84,110	)	(93,950	)	(100,204	)	( 1 13, 30 5	)	( 1 8,71 7	)
Selling and marketing	(23,688	)	(37,632	)	(52,777	)	(48,407	)	( 46 , 257	)	( 7 , 641	)
Research and development	(30,385	)	(37,358	)	(40,589	)	(40,512	)	( 49 , 948	)	( 8 , 251	)
Intangible assets impairment	—		—		—		(5,901	)	—		—
Total operating expenses	(136,931	)	(159,100	)	(187,316	)	(195,024	)	( 2 09, 5 10	)	( 34 ,60 9	)
Income from operations	79,413		82,040		62,939		91,189		12 7, 43 1		2 1,04 9
Interest income	4,980		5,552		8,843		13,253		12 , 793		2 , 113
Interest expense	(2	)	(5	)	—		—		( 12 ,84 9	)	( 2 ,122	)
Gain on disposal of subsidiaries	—		—		—		2,197		—		—
Gain on consolidation of Hongcheng Xueyuan	—		260		—		—		—		—
Investment income	—		1,071		832		1,460		497		82
Other income	1,748		572		1,003		1,376		1 , 951		322
Foreign exchange loss	—		—		—		—		( 2 , 728	)	( 451	)
Income before income tax and equity method investments	86,139		89,490		73,617		109,475		12 7,095		20 ,9 9 3
Income tax provisions (benefits)
Current	18,981		17,933		23,078		19,939		37,282		6,159
Deferred	306		(4,600	)	(6,034	)	6,488		(9,493	)	(1,569	)
Total income tax provisions	19,287		13,333		17,044		26,427		27,789		4,590
Net income before income from equity method investments	66,852		76,157		56,573		83,048		99,306		16,403
Income from equity method investments, net of taxes	—		—		—		261		692		115
Net income	66,852		76,157		56,573		83,309		99,998		16,518
Less: net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests	32,073		36,840		39,752		45,338		49,500		8,178
Net income attributable to ChinaEdu Corporation shareholders	34,779		39,317		16,821		37,971		50,498		8,340
Net income per share attributable to ChinaEdu Corporation shareholders—basic	0.71		0.82		0.35		0.80		1.79		0.30
Net income per share attributable to ChinaEdu Corporation shareholders—diluted	0.66		0.76		0.33		0.75		1.58		0.26
Net income per ADS attributable to ChinaEdu Corporation shareholders
Basic—ordinary	2.14		2.46		1.06		2.40		5.36		0.89
Diluted—ordinary	1.99		2.27		1.00		2.26		4.75		0.79
Weighted average shares used in calculating ordinary basic net income per share	48,844,606		48,004,323		47,453,930		47,523,375		28,250,473		28,250,473
Weighted average shares used in calculating ordinary diluted net income per share	52,519,683		52,010,229		50,669,229		50,487,233		31,877,916		31,877,916

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	Years ended December 31,
	200 9	20 10	201 1	201 2	201 3	201 3
	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$
	(In thousands)
Share-based compensation expense included in:
Cost of revenue	489	815	522	488	748	124
General and administrative	5,982	2,760	2,909	4,176	6 , 780	1,120
Selling and marketing	676	2,248	2,755	3,103	2 , 000	330
Research and development	269	460	297	491	359	59
Total	7,416	6,283	6,483	8,258	9,887	1,633

Amortization of intangible assets acquired through business combination included in:
Cost of revenue	2,977	2,835	2,357	2,177	1,583	262
Selling and marketing	774	23	138	138	—	—
Total	3,751	2,858	2,495	2,315	1,583	262

	As of December 31,
	200 9	20 10	201 1	201 2	201 3	201 3
	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$
	(In thousands)
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:
Cash and cash equivalents	203,143	190,493	273,746	385,922	431 , 844	71,336
Term deposits	122,304	120,500	98,163	92,028	67, 083	11,081
Accounts receivable, net	28,334	35,091	31,478	34,917	26,561	4,388
Amounts due from related parties-current	176,802	246,925	238,016	260,184	343,970	56,820
Other current assets	48,547	68,796	63,070	56,601	42,480	7,017
Total current assets	579,130	661,805	704,473	829,652	911,938	150,642
Term deposits — non-current	—	—	—	—	70,000	11,563
Property and equipment, net	217,893	227,507	239,210	238,563	232,558	38,416
Acquired intangible assets, net	66,621	65,849	63,638	54,499	51,416	8,493
Goodwill	38,155	43,255	43,255	43,255	43,255	7,145
Other long term assets	34,493	51,463	54,989	76,284	31,603	5,220
Total assets	936,292	1,049,879	1,105,565	1,242,253	1,340,770	221,479
Deferred revenues	97,853	105,891	125,332	134,175	138,734	22,917
Short-term loan					4,056	670
Accounts payable	6,467	11,410	2,239	2,401	2,716	449
Accrued expense and other current liabilities	68,917	83,486	91,980	113,558	137,497	22,713
Amounts due to related parties	25,668	31,177	13,146	35,507	52,099	8,606
Income taxes payable and other taxes payable	49,289	65,120	73,418	76,588	99,419	16,423
Total current liabilities	248,194	297,084	306,115	362,229	434,521	71,778
Deferred revenues	8,075	9,804	12,059	10,654	10,173	1,680
Long-term loan					213,883	35,331
Deferred tax liabilities	10,143	9,836	9,243	13,473	8,679	1,434
Unrecognized tax benefit	7,727	3,691	6,089	8,795	10,873	1,796
Total liabilities	274,139	320,415	333,506	395,151	678,129	112,019
Total Net Assets	662,153	729,464	772,059	847,102	662,641	109,460
Total ChinaEdu Corporation shareholders’ equity	559,973	595,979	604,806	650,191	436,202	72,055
Noncontrolling interests	102,180	133,485	167,253	196,911	226,439	37,405
Total equity	662,153	729,464	772,059	847,102	662,641	109,460
Total liabilities and equity	936,292	1,049,879	1,105,565	1,242,253	1,340,770	221,479

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Exchange Rate Information

The following table sets forth information concerning exchange rates between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar for the periods indicated.

	Renminbi per U.S. Dollar Noon Buying Rate
Period	Average 1	High	Low	Period-End
2009	6.8295	6.8176	6.8470	6.8259
2010	6.7603	6.6000	6.8330	6.6000
2011	6.4475	6.2939	6.6364	6.2939
2012	6.3088	6.2221	6.3879	6.2301
2013	6.1412	6.0537	6.2438	6.0537

Previous Six Months
October 2013	6.1032	6.0815	6.1209	6.0943
November 2013	6.0929	6.0903	6.0993	6.0922
December 2013	6.0738	6.0537	6.0927	6.0537
January 2014	6.0509	6.0402	6.0600	6.0590
February 2014	6.0816	6.0591	6.1448	6.1448
March 2014	6.1729	6.1183	6.2273	6.2164
April 2014 (through April 18 )	6.2121	6.1966	6.2240	6.2240

1 Annual averages are calculated by averaging the exchange rates on the last business day of each month. Monthly averages are calculated using the average of the daily rates during the relevant period.

On April 18 , 201 4 , the exchange rate set forth in the H. 10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board was RMB 6.2240 to $1.00.

We publish our financial statements in Renminbi. This annual report contains translations of Renminbi amounts into U.S. dollars at specified rates solely for the convenience of the reader. For all dates and periods through December 31, 2008, conversions of Renminbi into U.S. dollars are based on the noon buying rate in The City of New York for cable transfers of Renminbi as certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. For January 1, 2009 and all later dates and periods, the exchange rate refers to the exchange rate as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board. Unless otherwise indicated, conversions of RMB into U.S. dollars in this annual report are based on the exchange rate, as of December 31, 201 3 , which was RMB 6.0537 to $1.00. We make no representation that any Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate, the rates stated above, or at all. The PRC government imposes control over its foreign currency reserves in part through direct regulation of the conversion of RMB into foreign exchange and through restrictions on foreign trade.

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D. Risk Factors

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below, in conjunction with other information and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report, before making an investment decision. Our business, financial condition or results of operations could be affected materially and adversely by any or all of these risks. The trading price of our ADSs could decline due to any or all of these risks, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

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Risks Related to Our Business

The education sector, in which all of our businesses are conducted, and the telecommunication sector, upon which we are heavily reliant, are each subject to extensive regulation in China, and our ability to conduct business is highly dependent on our compliance with these regulatory frameworks.

The PRC government regulates all aspects of the education sector, including licensing of parties to perform various services, pricing of tuition and other fees, curriculum content, standards for the operations of schools and learning centers associated with online degree programs and foreign participation. PRC laws and regulations applicable to the education and telecommunication sectors may be in some aspects vague and uncertain, and often lack detailed implementing regulations. These laws and regulations also are subject to change, and new laws and regulations may be adopted, some of which may have retroactive application or have a negative effect on our business. Moreover, there is considerable ongoing scrutiny of the education sector and its participants. For a discussion of the regulatory framework for the education system and the telecommunication sectors in China, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation.”

We must comply with China’s extensive regulations on private and foreign participation in the education and telecommunication sectors, and compliance with such restrictions has caused us to adopt complex structural arrangements with our PRC subsidiaries and PRC-affiliated entity or variable-interest entity. If the relevant PRC authorities decide that our structural arrangements do not comply with these restrictions, we would be precluded from conducting some or all of our current business and our financial condition, results of operations and business strategy may be materially and adversely affected.

PRC regulators have broad powers to regulate the tuition and other fees charged by schools and, as a result, can adversely impact the fees we receive from the schools to which we provide services, as well as the returns from the private primary and secondary schools operated by our PRC-affiliated entity. While China’s regulatory framework provides that investors in private schools are entitled to receive a “reasonable return” on their investment, there is no clear guidance as to what this term means.

Although our corporate structure and business are designed to comply with the limitations on foreign investment and participation in the education and telecommunication sectors, we cannot assure you that we will not be found to be in violation of any current or future PRC laws and regulations. For example, the operation of our 101 online school is subject to the renewal of our Internet Content Provider, or ICP, license, which is subject to the strict scrutiny of PRC regulators. We cannot ensure that our ICP license will be renewed. See also the risk factors below under “Risks Related to China’s Regulation of the Education and Telecommunication Sectors and Our Corporate Structure.” There are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of PRC laws and regulations. If we or any of our PRC subsidiaries or PRC-affiliated entity is found to be or to have been in violation of PRC laws or regulations limiting foreign ownership or participation in the education or telecommunication sectors, the relevant regulatory authorities have broad discretion in dealing with such violation, including but not limited to:

· levying fines and confiscating illegal income;

· restrict the right to collect revenues from any of our PRC subsidiaries;

· restricting or prohibiting our use of proceeds from our initial public offering to finance our business and operations in China;

· requiring us to restructure the ownership structure or operations of our PRC subsidiaries or PRC-affiliated entity;

· requiring us to discontinue all or a portion of our business; and/or

· revoking our business or operating licenses.

Any of these or similar actions could cause significant disruption to our business operations or render us unable to conduct all or a substantial portion of our business operations, and may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We derive a majority of our revenue by providing services to online degree programs, and any adverse development in this business will materially and adversely affect our overall results of operations.

For fiscal years ended December 31, 2011 , 2012 and 2013 , approximately 79.6% , 80.5% and 80.0% , respectively, of our net revenue was generated from services provided to online degree programs of Chinese universities. The growth of this business line depends on our ability to attract potential university partners and the ability of these universities to increase student enrollment for their online degree programs. We face many challenges in our online degree program services business, including:

· our structure for this line of business, in which services are provided to our university partners’ online degree programs by three of our PRC subsidiaries and a PRC-affiliated entity, may be found by PRC regulatory authorities to violate restrictions on entities other than universities from operating online degree programs;

· the demand for online degree programs depends on the social acceptance and perceived attractiveness of degrees offered by these programs, which may decline due to actual or perceived quality problems at online degree programs and the increased availability of alternatives such as traditional degree programs, on-the-job training and overseas programs;

· the universities with online degree programs have primary responsibility for these programs and their priorities and objectives may conflict with our own objectives of growing our revenue and profits from servicing these programs; and

· each of the universities with online degree programs has been approved by China’s Ministry of Education, or the MOE, to operate these programs as part of the MOE’s pilot program for online education and there is no assurance that the MOE will not restrict, suspend or revoke this program in the future or that any of the currently approved universities, including our university partners, will continue to qualify for this program.

A significant factor affecting the results of our online degree program business is the fees that our university partners are required to pay to independent learning centers. The share of tuition revenue that we receive is after the payment of fees to learning centers. As a result, an increase in the portion of tuition fees paid to the learning centers will result in a decrease in the portion of tuition fees that we receive as revenue. In 201 3 , a majority of our university partners paid fees to independent learning centers in amounts ranging from 3 3 % to 53% of the gross tuition fees received by their online degree programs. For fiscal years ended December 31, 201 1 , 201 2 and 201 3 , the portion of gross tuition fees that our university partners paid in aggregate to independent learning centers was approximately 4 2 %, 4 3 % and 4 4 %, respectively. There can be no assurance that the amounts payable to independent learning centers, as a portion of gross tuition fees, will not increase.

To the extent any of the factors discussed above or other adverse developments occur in the online degree program sector, our revenue and results of operations from our online degree program services business could be materially and adversely affected.

Most of our revenue comes from a limited number of customers, the loss of which could significantly impact our revenue and results of operations.

For fiscal years ended December 31, 201 1 , 201 2 and 201 3 , 55.8% , 53.4% and 51.0% , respectively, of our net revenue was derived from our services to our five largest online degree program customers. Our three largest customers, Chongqing University, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics and Renmin University of China , accounted for 15.7 %, 11.4 % and 8.6 %, respectively, of our net revenue in 201 3 . These same customers accounted for 14.4 %, 11.2 % and 9.7 %, respectively, of our net revenue in 201 2 , and 13.1 %, 10.7% and 13.0 %, respectively, of our net revenue in 201 1 . We will likely continue to rely on a relatively small number of customers for a significant portion of our revenue for the foreseeable future. If for any reason our revenue from any of our significant customers or other online degree programs were to decline or if we were to lose any of our significant customers, our revenue and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

We may not succeed in attracting additional university online degree programs as customers and our growth prospects could suffer.

Although our strategy is to increase the number of online degree programs using our services, we may not be able to attract additional university partners. Developing and entering into a relationship with a university requires considerable effort on our part, and we may spend considerable time and still may not be successful in developing a new customer. Our ability to expand our services to additional online degree programs is dependent upon our ability to identify potential university partners who can provide course offerings that will be attractive to the target market and to develop a mutually acceptable arrangement with the universities for the development of a program. Some of the universities offering online degree programs that do not utilize our services have developed their own technology platforms, and others have entered into service agreements with other service providers. Some of the universities we would like to partner with may not have goals and objectives that are compatible with ours, may be subject to long-term contracts with other service providers, or may have cumbersome decision-making procedures that may delay or prohibit our entering into a service relationship with them. In addition, some of these universities are also being pursued by our competitors. As a result, we cannot predict whether we will be successful in attracting additional universities to which we can provide services. If we are unsuccessful in establishing new service relationships, our strategic growth objectives may not be achieved, thereby materially and adversely impacting our prospects and results of operations.

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The tuition charged by online degree programs, the secondary and vocational schools that we provide curriculum programs to and our private primary and secondary schools are all subject to price controls administered by the PRC government, and our revenue is highly dependent on the level of these tuition charges.

In the year ended December 31, 201 3 , 80.0 % of our net revenue was generated by providing services to online degree programs. Our revenue in this segment comes primarily from service fees that are paid by universities and calculated as a percentage of the tuition revenue of the online degree programs that we service, and the tuition charges for these programs are subject to price controls administered by various price control offices under China’s National Development and Reform Commission, or NDRC. Similarly, our revenue from the curriculum programs that we offer to secondary and vocational schools is also directly dependent on the tuition revenue of those schools, and those tuition charges are subject to administrative price controls. The tuition charges of our private primary and secondary schools are also subject to price controls. If the tuition charges upon which our revenue depends, particularly the tuition charges for online degree programs, were to be decreased or if they were not to increase in line with increases in our costs because of the actions of China’s administrative price controls, our revenue and profitability could be materially and adversely affected.

Our international curriculum programs, which include our vocational and English language programs, are heavily regulated, and our ability to conduct business in this area is highly dependent on regulatory policies and our compliance with these policies.

In April 2007, the MOE issued the Circular on Further Regulating Chinese-Foreign Cooperative Education Programs. The circular directs the local education authorities generally to suspend the approval of any new Chinese-foreign cooperative vocational education programs until the end of 2008, and there is no new policy currently promulgated to revoke the suspension. To ensure the quality of the Chinese-foreign cooperative education programs, the circular emphasizes the regulatory supervision of these programs and advises local education authorities to closely supervise and monitor existing programs, especially with respect to recruiting materials, advertisements, and issuance of degrees and diplomas, and directs them to report and remedy any non-compliance by existing programs of the applicable regulations. As a result of this circular, our British Columbia Institute of Technology, or BCIT, program has not been able to enter into any contract with new schools for the program and we do not expect it will in the near future. Although the circular only discusses the suspension of approvals through the end of 2008, we cannot assure you that our BCIT program will be able to enter into any contract with new schools in 201 4 or at any time after that.

In addition, in recent years our English language curriculum program, or FEC program, has faced challenges obtaining certain regulatory approvals. In August 2004, the MOE promulgated the Announcement regarding Re-Approval of Chinese-Foreign Cooperative Educational Institutions and Programs, or the Re-Approval Announcement, which requires Chinese-foreign cooperative educational institutions and programs that were established before July 1, 2004 (the effective date of the Re-Approval Announcement) to be re-approved by the MOE. Since not all of our contracted schools obtained re-approval from the MOE, as a result, in 2008 we mutually terminated our agreement with the Western Institute of Technology at Taranki, or WITT, a post-secondary education institution based in New Zealand that offers English language programs for overseas students, to serve as the exclusive service provider for all of WITT’s English language programs within China until September 2020. We cannot assure you that any, or all, of the FEC contracted schools will continue to work with us in the future, and our partner schools may face challenges obtaining re-approvals for replacing WITT with other overseas education institutions with whom we may partner. Therefore, we do not plan to enter into new cooperative agreements such as these in the near future.

As a result of these developments, w e incurred a goodwill impairment charge of RMB16.2 million related to the international curriculum programs segment during the year ended December 31, 2007 and an impairment charge of RMB68.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2008, of which RMB39.1 million was related to goodwill impairment and RMB29.1 million was related to intangible assets impairment. W e incurred an intangible assets impairment charge of RMB5.9 million related to the international curriculum program segment during the year ended December 31, 2012.

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Our business is subject to seasonal fluctuations, which may cause our operating results to fluctuate from quarter to quarter. This may result in volatility and adversely affect the price of our ADSs.

We have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, fluctuations in our revenue and results of operations due to a number of reasons including seasonal changes in the number of students who are enrolled in, or served by, our businesses. Generally, more new revenue student enrollments occur in the fall, and more returning student enrollments occur in the spring upon selection of additional course credits. We generally recognize revenue over the six-month period following these enrollments. Our expenses and costs, however, do not necessarily correspond with changes in our revenue or the number of students who are enrolled in, or served by, our businesses. We expect quarterly fluctuations in our revenue and results of operations to continue. These fluctuations could result in volatility and adversely affect the price of our ADSs. As our revenue grows, these seasonal fluctuations may become more pronounced.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud.

We are subject to the reporting obligations under the U.S. federal securities laws. The SEC, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, adopted rules that now require every public reporting company to include in its annual report management’s report on internal control over financial reporting, which contains management’s assessment of the effectiveness of such company’s internal control over financial reporting. In addition, we are required to include an attestation report from an independent registered public accounting firm on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.

Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 201 3 and has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 201 3 . See “Item 15. Controls and Procedures.” Nevertheless, we cannot assure you that these measures will continue to be effective and that any significant deficiencies and material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting will not be identified in the future. Moreover, if we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal control, we may not be able to conclude that we have effective internal control over financial reporting. Even if we do conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm may still issue an adverse opinion if it is not satisfied with our internal control. Furthermore, effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and is important to help us to manage the company effectively and prevent fraud. As a result, our failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in a loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which in turn could harm our business and negatively impact the trading price of our ADSs.

We are dependent on third parties, particularly the learning centers serving online degree programs, over which we have limited control, to perform functions that are critical to the success of our business.

The success of our business in providing services to online degree programs depends in part on the actions of learning centers and universities over which we have limited control. The learning centers, principally operated by third parties, perform a number of essential functions for universities that operate the online degree programs (such as marketing, enrollment, administration, tuition collection and testing), but we have limited ability to ensure that they adequately perform these functions or comply with the regulations and standards applicable to them. If the learning centers upon which our online degree programs are dependent experience regulatory compliance issues, our results of operations and our ability to attract and retain university partners will be adversely affected. In addition, because a university must obtain regulatory approval, which is generally a time consuming process, to either change learning centers or establish its own learning centers, the learning centers may demand substantial compensation for their services.

Because we face significant competition in several lines of our business, we could lose market share and may need to respond by lowering our prices, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

We currently serve 27 universities out of the 67 universities that have been approved to offer online degree programs in China. In addition we also serve Guangxi Radio and TV University, or GRTU, and Fujian Radio and TV University, or FRTU, which are subsidiaries of China Central Radio and TV University, a distance learning facility that has been approved to offer online degree programs in China. We have either established collaborative alliances or entered into service agreements with these 28 universities, and our revenue from these universities depends on the total tuition generated by their programs. The online degree programs of these universities must compete with the online degree programs of the other universities approved to offer online degree programs, as well as other education and training programs that compete for student enrollment. Our learning center network also faces competition from other third-party learning centers in their efforts to attract student enrollments. While we are trying to enter into agreements with additional universities with respect to their online degree programs, we face competition from other service providers and may not succeed in our efforts.

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Our online tutoring and test preparation business competes for students with traditional in-person tutoring services and after school programs, as well as with companies providing online services similar to ours. Our English language programs compete for students with other private schools with English language programs, sister schools, online programs, after school programs and self-study programs. Our vocational programs compete for students with other Chinese-foreign cooperative education programs, sister school programs, distance learning programs, self-study programs and other vocational and technical training programs. Our private primary and secondary schools compete for recruiting students with other schools in their respective areas as well as boarding schools that recruit students on a nationwide basis.

There are also many new entrants seeking to participate in the education sector in China, including for-profit and not-for-profit educational institutions from overseas that are attracted by the education market in China. Although restrictive regulation of the education sector in China may have limited our competition in the past, any deregulation of this industry, or easing of restrictions on foreign participants, could increase the competition we face in one or more lines of our business.

Certain of our businesses face relatively low barriers to entry, which could result in even greater competitive pressure and potential loss of market share in the future.

Our online tutoring business and international and elite curriculum program business are characterized by relatively low start-up and fixed costs, modest capital requirements, short start-up lead times and a limited need for significant proprietary technology. As a result, potential market entrants, both in China and from abroad, face relatively low entry barriers to these markets. The online tutoring business requires relatively small amounts of capital and technological capabilities to enter. Similarly, other international programs similar to our international and elite curriculum programs could be initiated by one or more competitors in cooperation with international partners. In addition, as the existing penetration rates of these lines of business are relatively low in our markets, competitors could acquire significant numbers of customers and establish significant market share within a relatively short period. Increased competition could result in loss of market share and revenue and lower profit margins, which would in turn have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have not received permanent approval to operate our learning centers and our strategy to develop a nationwide network of learning centers will involve substantial costs and may not succeed.

In February 2007, we received provisional approval from the MOE to operate ten learning centers in the provinces of Beijing, Shanghai, and Jiangsu and Zhejiang for a trial period of up to 18 months. Although this provisional approval has since expired, the MOE has not ordered us to terminate operations at our learning centers, although no assurance can be given that the MOE will not do so. To date, we have established 1 43 learning centers, of which 66 are proprietary centers and 77 are contracted centers.

Our strategy to operate learning centers involves various risks and may not succeed. These risks include those related to operating a new business in which we do not have significant experience. To be successful in operating learning centers we will have to obtain new contracts on acceptable terms with the university online degree programs, all of which already have existing relationships with learning centers. We will also have to incur capital expenditures and operating expenses and devote substantial time and other resources to establish and staff these new learning centers. In addition to the risks of entering a new line of business, we also face regulatory risks relating to our plan to expand the scope of our approval to a national scope with an unlimited number of learning centers and to convert our provisional licenses to permanent approvals. Moreover, even in the event we are able to successfully obtain MOE approval to operate learning centers in additional provinces, we will still need to obtain approval from the relevant provincial level education authorities before we are able to establish any new learning centers, and there are risks relating to our ability to obtain such provincial level approvals. Any one of these risks could cause our expansion into the learning center business to be delayed or unsuccessful and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

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We are required to obtain various operating licenses and permits and to make registrations and filings for our offline tutoring services in China and failure to comply with these requirements may result in fines, confiscation of the gains derived from our non-compliant operations or the suspension of our non-compliant operations, which may materially adversely affect our business operations.

We are required to obtain and maintain various licenses and permits and fulfill registration and filing requirements in order to conduct and operate our offline tutoring training business. For instance, to establish and operate a school to provide offline tutoring and training services, we are required to obtain a private training school operating permit and to make necessary filings with the MOE and the Ministry of Civil Affairs or their local bureaus. In November 2010, we obtained an operating permit to offer offline tutoring and training services in XiCheng District, Beijing, China. In the future, if we expect to launch similar services in other areas in Beijing or other cities, the required operating permits must be obtained from local government authorities. Although we have not been subject to any material fines or other penalties in relation to any non-compliance of licensing requirements, we may be subject to fines, confiscation of the gains derived from our noncompliant operations or the suspension of our noncompliant operations, which may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our ability to attract and retain customers is heavily dependent on our reputation, which in turn relies on our maintaining a high level of service quality.

We need to continue to provide high quality services to our existing customers to maintain and enhance our reputation, and we also need to attract and retain customers for our various lines of business. All of our business lines are highly dependent on existing and potential students perceiving our programs as high quality and worth the investment of time and money that they require of students. If any of the programs we operate or support experience service quality problems, our reputation could be harmed and our results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

We rely heavily on our senior management team and key personnel, and the loss of any of their services could severely disrupt our business.

Our future success is highly dependent on the ongoing efforts of our senior management and other key personnel. We rely heavily on their management skills, expertise in the education sector, strategy and marketing skills, as well as the relationships they have with many of the educational institutions with which we do business, and with local and national regulatory authorities. We do not maintain key person life insurance on any of our senior executives or other key personnel. The loss of the services of one or more of our senior executives or other key personnel may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Competition for senior executives and other key personnel in China, such as personnel engaged in software and system development, is intense, and the pool of suitable candidates is very limited. As a result, we may not be able to retain the services of our senior executives or other key personnel, or attract and retain senior executives or other key personnel in the future.

In addition, if any member of our senior management or any of our other key personnel joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may lose customers, business partners and key professionals and staff members to them. Each of our senior executives and key personnel has entered into an employment agreement with us that contains confidentiality and non-competition provisions. In the event of a dispute between any of our senior executives or other key personnel and us, however, we cannot assure you as to the extent, if any, that these provisions may be enforceable in China due to uncertainties involving the PRC legal system.

If we are unable to attract and locate qualified personnel for our various programs, in particular qualified educators, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

Each of our lines of business is highly dependent on the ability to attract qualified educators to provide services in connection with our programs and the programs we support. The success of our programs and the programs we support, and the differentiating factor between our programs and those of the traditional education sector in China, rely significantly on the quality of the educators we are able to attract to such programs. For example:

· the online degree programs that we serve rely to a significant degree on professors to prepare the online courseware;

· our online tutoring program needs to attract tutors who are perceived to be successful in preparing students for examinations;

· our private primary and secondary schools need to attract qualified and experienced teachers and administrators;

· our international post-secondary programs rely on capable instructors within participating colleges to take part in the training by the overseas post-secondary institutions; and

· we need to find well-qualified native English speakers to teach in the English language programs and the international post-secondary programs that we support and the private primary and secondary schools operated by our PRC-affiliated entity.

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There are considerable challenges in locating and attracting the personnel we need as competition in China for quality educators is intense. To the extent we have focused our market for English language programs, international post-secondary education programs and our private primary and secondary schools in non-tier one cities, we also face challenges in attracting teachers from overseas who are willing to relocate to areas in which there are few, if any, expatriates and the living conditions are markedly different from their home countries. If we are unable to attract and locate well-qualified educators for the various programs, our results of operations could be adversely affected.

Implementation of new labor laws in China may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

China adopted a labor contract law, effective January 1, 2008, or the Labor Contract Law. The Labor Contract Law imposes more stringent requirements on employers with regard to, among other things, minimum wages, severance payments upon permitted termination of the employment by an employer and non-fixed term employment contracts, time limits for probation periods as well as the duration and the times that an employee can be placed on a fixed term employment contract. According to the Labor Contract Law, an employer is obliged to sign an unlimited-term labor contract with any employee who has worked for the employer for ten consecutive years. Further, if an employee requests or agrees to renew a fixed-term labor contract that has already been entered into twice consecutively, the resulting contract must have an unlimited term, with certain exceptions. The employer must also pay severance to an employee in nearly all instances where a labor contract, including a contract with an unlimited term, is terminated or expires. In addition, the government has continued to introduce various new labor-related regulations after the Labor Contract Law. Among other things, new annual leave requirements mandate that annual leave ranging from five to 15 days is available to nearly all employees and further require that the employer compensate an employee for any annual leave days the employee is unable to take in the amount of three times his daily salary, subject to certain exceptions.

In addition, China has adopted a social insurance law, effective July 1, 2011, or the Social Insurance Law. The Social Insurance Law provides detailed obligations against employers relating to social welfare contributions for employees including pension, unemployment insurance, childbirth insurance, work-related injury insurance, medical insurance, under which the employers are required to pay for employees social welfare based upon certain percentages of employees’ salaries.

As a result of these measures designed to enhance labor protection, our labor costs may increase and we cannot assure you that our employment practices do not or will not violate the Labor Contract Law, the Social Insurance Law and other labor-related regulations. If we are subject to severe penalties or incur significant liabilities in connection with labor disputes or investigations, our business and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We may not be able to successfully execute future acquisitions or efficiently manage the businesses we have acquired to date or may acquire in the future.

Since 2005, we have entered several new lines of business through the acquisition of existing businesses or contractual rights. We may continue to expand, in part, by acquiring complementary businesses. The success of our past acquisitions and any future acquisitions will depend upon several factors, including:

· our ability to identify and acquire businesses on a cost-effective basis;

· our ability to integrate acquired personnel, operations, products and technologies into our organization effectively;

· our ability to retain and motivate key personnel and to retain the customers of the acquired businesses;

· unanticipated problems or legal liabilities of the acquired businesses; and

· tax or accounting issues relating to the acquired businesses.

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Any acquisition may require a significant commitment of management time, capital investment and other resources. For example, our entry into the private primary and secondary school business, which includes our Anqing Foreign Language School, or the Anqing School, Pingdingshan Wellent Bilingual School, or the Pingdingshan School and Jingzhou School (Southern Campus), has required us to invest significant amounts for the acquisition of the rights to operate these schools and for expanding facilities and upgrading the services offered by these schools. In 2010, we completed the construction of a new campus at the Anqing School and our capital expenditures in Anqing School totaled RMB 4.3 million for the year ended December 31, 201 3 . We anticipate that the additional capital expenditures associated with the contracted commitment at the Anqing School will be approximately RMB1. 0 million in 201 4 . In 2009, we constructed a new building and made related facility improvements for Pingdingshan School. Our capital expenditures in connection with such construction and facility improvements totaled RMB0. 18 million for the year ended December 31, 201 3 . We anticipate that the additional capital expenditures associated with the contracted commitment at the Pingdingshan School will be approximately RMB0. 1 million in 201 4 .

In the case of the Jingzhou School (Southern Campus), we initially planned to complete construction of a new campus by the fall 2006 recruiting season. Because of ongoing delays and the uncertainty as to when these delays will be resolved, we had outstanding capital commitments of approximately RMB64.8 million as of December 31, 201 3 associated with Jingzhou School (Southern Campus). Delays in construction of the new campus at Jingzhou School (Southern Campus) have adversely affected the expected return on this investment, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to begin construction in the near future, or at all.

If we are unable to effectively execute our acquisition strategy or integrate any acquired business, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. In addition, if we use our equity securities as consideration for acquisitions, the value of your ordinary shares or ADSs may be diluted.

If we are not able to respond successfully to technological or industry developments, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

The market for providing services to educational institutions for their online degree programs and the market for online tutoring services are relatively new. These markets are characterized by rapid technological developments, the introduction of new business models, launches of new products and services and changes in customer needs and behavior. For example, the delivery of online degree programs in China is still relatively new and the evolution of these programs from relatively rudimentary systems for delivery of course content to more robust interactive models is taking place on an ongoing basis. As high speed Internet connections become available for more potential users and through more devices such as mobile telephones and other handheld computing devices, the expectations of students for online degree programs are likely to require continued devotion of our research and development efforts to maintain our position as a perceived market leader in providing technology services to online degree programs. Our online tutoring programs will likewise face expectations from students for a more stimulating and interactive environment commensurate with their other online experiences. Innovation by our competitors in China and overseas may make our existing services to online degree programs and our online tutoring programs obsolete or less competitive. To respond to these types of developments, we may be required to undertake substantial efforts and incur significant costs. If we do not successfully respond to these types of developments in a timely and cost-effective manner, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

Substantially all of the servers used to support our business operations are currently hosted in the same location in Beijing. We do not have a backup location, so we cannot assure you that we will be able to operate if our server location suffers from the effects of fire, floods, typhoons, earthquakes, power loss, telecommunications failures, break-ins, war, terrorist acts or similar events. Any of these events could give rise to server interruptions, breakdowns, system failures, technology platform failures and Internet failures, which could cause the loss or corruption of data or malfunctions of software or hardware. These types of events could adversely affect our ability to provide our services to online degree programs and our online tutoring programs and adversely affect our operations. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.—Technology.”

If we are unable to achieve or maintain economies of scale with respect to our various lines of business, our results of operations from these businesses may be materially and adversely affected.

Each of our lines of business involves a degree of upfront investment in the development of programs or the acquisition of contract rights to provide services to programs, and our revenue and profitability depend on the number of students in these programs. The online degree programs to which we provide support and services, and from which we derive most of our revenue and profits, require considerable investments of time and resources to develop. In many cases, these online degree programs also require that we make substantial investments in collaborative alliances, which are the majority-owned entities that we form with certain of our university partners to provide services to their online degree programs, as well as provide advance payments to the universities to attract university partners. The profitability of these programs for us depends on the ability of the programs to attract students. Similarly, our revenue from our online tutoring programs, international and elite curriculum programs, and private primary and secondary schools depends on our attracting enough students on an ongoing basis. If the programs or schools are unable to recruit enough students to offset the development and operating costs, our results of operations will be adversely affected.

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The demand for our online tutoring services may be impacted by parental concern of children spending too much time on online gaming and other non-educational online activities.

Parents and government officials in China have expressed concern that school age children are spending too much time on the Internet playing online games and engaging in other non-productive online activities. As a result, parents may not be supportive of buying computers and other computer resources or Internet access for their children, and this could adversely affect online education programs such as our online tutoring programs. This attitude could adversely affect our ability to expand enrollment in our online tutoring programs and thereby adversely affect our results of operations.

If we are unable to prevent others from using our intellectual property or if we are subject to intellectual property infringement claims by others, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

Our intellectual property has been and will continue to be subject to various forms of infringement, theft and misappropriation. We are also susceptible to others copying our business model and methods. Our courseware and course materials have significant value and could be copied. We devote substantial resources to the development of platform support and courseware for online degree programs, the course materials and systems support for our online tutoring programs, and implementation of the Polytechnic programs and the English language programs we support. The legal protection of intellectual property in China is significantly more limited than in the United States and many other countries and may afford us little or no effective protection.

In addition, we also could face potential claims that we have infringed the intellectual property rights of third parties. For example, with regard to the intellectual property rights to courseware used in online programs from which we derive service revenue, the professors who assisted in developing the courseware could claim that they have rights to such courseware. If such claims are brought against us or the universities conducting the online degree programs, or if we are required to bring litigation to protect our intellectual property, we could face expensive litigation that could divert management resources and materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

Our university partners may be liable for refunds to students, which could adversely affect our revenue.

Most university online degree programs require students to pre-pay for a set number of courses at the outset of their enrollment. However, these students may not enroll in all of these courses in the same period for which they have prepaid tuition. We receive service fees from each university for technology and support services that we render to our university partners during a given semester to support their online degree programs. Our contracts are typically structured so that our service fees are based upon the cash tuition receipts of the university during a given semester. To the extent students request that the universities refund any unused prepaid tuition, our revenue could be adversely affected because the universities are entitled to deduct these refunds from the cash receipts upon which our fees are based. In 201 3 , the average refund rate, which was refund expressed as a percentage of cash receipts, of the majority of the university online degree programs that we serve was approximately 0.4%. Increases in this rate could increase our revenue volatility and adversely affect the profitability of our services.

We rely heavily on our information systems, and if we fail to further develop our technology, or if our systems contain “bugs” or other undetected errors, our operations may be seriously disrupted.

To achieve our strategic objectives and to remain competitive, we must continue to develop and enhance our technology and our use of information that is available within our online systems. This may require us to acquire additional equipment and software and to develop new applications within our online systems. Our success in the development of new service offerings, such as community features and improved student management systems, depends in large part upon our ability to store, retrieve, process and manage substantial amounts of information. Our online systems and the technology platform upon which online degree programs operate, and our other databases, products and systems could contain undetected errors or “bugs” that could adversely affect their performance. In addition, our systems supporting online degree programs and online tutoring programs occasionally experience peak demands during which they are unable to provide the responsiveness expected by students enrolled in these programs. If we encounter errors or other service quality or reliability issues, or if we are unable to design, develop, implement and utilize information systems and the data derived from these systems, our ability to realize our strategic objectives and our profitability could be adversely affected, and this may cause us to lose market share, harm our reputation and brand names, and materially and adversely affect our business.

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The successful operation of our business depends upon the performance and reliability of the Internet infrastructure and telecommunications networks in China.

Our services to online degree programs and our online tutoring programs depend on the performance and reliability of China’s Internet infrastructure. In China, almost all access to the Internet is maintained through state-owned telecommunication operators under the administrative control and regulatory supervision of China’s Ministry of Information Industry, or the MII. In addition, the national networks in China are connected to the Internet through international gateways controlled by the Chinese government. These international gateways are the only channels through which a user in China can connect to the Internet. We cannot assure you that a more sophisticated Internet infrastructure will be developed in China. We may not have access to alternative networks in the event of disruptions, failures or other problems with China’s Internet infrastructure. In addition, China’s Internet infrastructure may not support the demands associated with continued growth in Internet usage.

We rely on China Telecommunications Corporation, or China Telecom, and China Network United Communications Group Co., Ltd, or China Unicom, to provide us with data communications capacity primarily through local telecommunications lines and their Internet data centers that host our servers. We do not have access to alternative services in the event of disruptions, failures or other problems with the fixed telecommunications networks of China Telecom and China Unicom, or if China Telecom or China Unicom otherwise fail to provide such services. Any unscheduled service interruption could damage our reputation and result in a decrease in our revenue. Furthermore, we have no control over the costs of the services provided by China Telecom and China Unicom. If the prices that we pay for telecommunications and Internet services increase significantly, our profitability could be adversely affected. In addition, if Internet access fees or other charges to Internet users increase, the users of our online tutoring services may find our services less affordable, which may in turn reduce our revenue.

Computer viruses and “hacking” may cause delays or interruptions on our systems and may reduce use of our services and damage our reputation and brand names.

Our online degree program platforms contain substantial information about students, their attendance and performance, and the administration of the entire student life cycle from enrollment to graduation. As such, these online systems and records may become attractive targets for either dissatisfied students, or hackers in general, who seek to access and modify records maintained on these systems, or to disrupt the online degree programs. “Hacking” involves efforts to gain unauthorized access to information or systems or to cause intentional malfunctions, loss or corruption of data, hardware or other computer equipment. Computer viruses and hacking may cause delays or other service interruptions on our systems. In addition, the inadvertent transmission of computer viruses could expose us to a material risk of loss or litigation. Hacking and computer viruses could result in significant damage to our systems and databases, disruptions to our business activities, including to our e-mail and other communications systems, breaches of security and the inadvertent disclosure of confidential or sensitive information, interruptions in access to our website and the websites for online degree programs and our online tutoring programs, and other material adverse effects on our operations. We may incur significant costs to protect our systems and equipment against the threat of, and to repair any damage caused by, computer viruses and hacking. Moreover, if a computer virus or hacking affects our systems and is highly publicized, our reputation could be materially damaged and usage of our services may decrease.

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Risks Related to China’s Regulation of the Education and Telecommunication Sectors and Our Corporate Structure

If the PRC authorities determine that our organizational structure for operating our business does not comply with PRC regulations, we could be subject to sanctions, including being required to discontinue all or a portion of our business.

We and our PRC subsidiaries are considered foreign persons or foreign invested enterprises under PRC laws, and, as a result, we are required to comply with PRC laws and regulations applicable to foreign investments, including those restricting foreign participation in the education and telecommunications industries. For example, foreign entities that are not educational institutions, such as our company, cannot operate schools or education programs in China, and all foreign persons, including foreign educational institutions, are precluded from operating primary and middle schools in China, such as our private primary and secondary schools. Similarly, there are limitations on the ability of foreign parties such as our company and our PRC subsidiaries with regard to owning ICP licenses, which are necessary for the operation of our corporate website and the website for our online tutoring business. Because of these restrictions, we have developed a corporate structure in which we do not have an ownership interest in the entities involved in activities in which foreign entities’ and foreign invested enterprises’ participation is prohibited, and we function as a service provider to Chinese universities with respect to their online degree programs. However, due to a lack of interpretative materials, it is unclear what impact these restrictions will have on us or the other PRC companies that have adopted the same or similar corporate and contractual structures as ours. For a discussion of the limitations on foreign ownership and participation governing our businesses, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Limitations on Foreign Ownership of Our Businesses.” For a description of our corporate structure, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure.”

For example, the Ministry of Commerce, or MOFCOM, promulgated the Rules of Ministry of Commerce on Implementation of Security Review System of Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors in August 2011, or the MOFCOM Security Review Rules, to implement the Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Establishing the Security Review System for Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors promulgated on February 3, 2011, or Circular No. 6. The MOFCOM Security Review Rules came into effect on September 1, 2011 and replaced the Interim Provisions of the Ministry of Commerce on Matters Relating to the Implementation of the Security Review System for Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors promulgated by MOFCOM in March 2011. According to these circulars and rules, a security review is required for mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors having “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions by which foreign investors may acquire the “de facto control” of domestic enterprises having “national security” concerns. In addition, when deciding whether a specific merger or acquisition of a domestic enterprise by foreign investors is subject to the security review, MOFCOM will look into the substance and actual impact of the transaction. The MOFCOM Security Review Rules further prohibit foreign investors from bypassing the security review requirement by structuring transactions through proxies, trusts, indirect investments, leases, loans, control through contractual arrangements or offshore transactions. There is no explicit provision or official interpretation stating that our businesses fall into the scope subject to the security review, and there is no requirement for foreign investors in those mergers and acquisitions transactions already completed prior to the promulgation of Circular No. 6 to submit such transactions to MOFCOM for security review. As we have already obtained the “de facto control” over our VIE prior to the effectiveness of these circulars and rules, we do not believe we are required to submit our existing contractual arrangement to the MOFCOM for security review. However, as these circulars and rules are relatively new and there is a lack of clear statutory interpretation on the implementation of the same, there is no assurance that the MOFCOM will have the same view as we do when applying these national security review-related circulars and rules.

In addition, various media sources have recently reported that China Securities Regulatory Commission, or CSRC has prepared a report for the State Council suggesting regulating the use of the VIE structure, such as ours, in the context of foreign investment in China and overseas listings. However, it is unclear whether the CSRC officially submitted such a report, what specific content such report contains and whether and when any further action will be taken by the State Council, CSRC, MOFCOM or any other PRC government authority regarding the use of the VIE structure.

The PRC laws and regulations applicable to online university degree programs require that the university offering such a program be responsible for the recruitment, operations, curriculum and management of the online program. Because of these restrictions, we provide services to Chinese universities’ online degree programs either through a contractual relationship between the university and ourselves, or through a collaborative alliance established by the university and ourselves specifically to provide services to that university’s online degree program. For some of our university partners, our services also include the licensing of certain of our domain names for their use to operate their online degree programs. If the relevant PRC regulatory authorities were to find that the services we provide to our university partners, or that our service contract relationships, our collaborative alliance service provider structures or both of these structures, violate the regulations requiring that these online degree programs be controlled by the universities, our business model might require extensive revision or be unworkable and we could be subject to sanctions and be required to discontinue all or a portion of this business. These developments would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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If the ICP license for the operation of our business website is suspended or revoked by the MII due to non-compliance with its requirements, we may have to shut the website down, which could have an effect on our business and market perception.

In July 2006, the MII issued the Notice on Strengthening Management of Foreign Investment in Operating Value-Added Telecom Services. The notice prohibits ICPs engaged in providing value-added telecom services from leasing, transferring or selling their ICP licenses or providing facilities or other resources to foreign investors operating in violation of restrictions on foreign investment. The notice requires that ICPs must directly own the trademarks and domain names for websites operated by them, as well as servers and other infrastructure used to support these websites. The notice also requires ICPs to evaluate their compliance with the notice by November 1, 2006 and correct any non-compliance. An ICP’s failure to complete the procedures by November 1, 2006 could be the basis for revocation of its ICP license. Due to a lack of interpretative materials from the MII, the impact of this circular on us is unclear. Xiandai Xingye Network Technology Co., Ltd., or Xiandai Technology, holds the ICP license for our business website, www.chinaedu.net. We have transferred the domain name for www.chinaedu.net to Xiandai Technology. If Xiandai Technology’s ICP license is suspended or revoked, we would have to shut down our business website, which may have an adverse effect on our business and market perception.

Some of our university partners for online degree programs have not received all of the required approvals for their websites.

Currently, websites established by universities for their online degree programs approved by the MOE are generally considered by the MII to be not-for-profit operations, and therefore the MII only requires the universities to make an ICP filing, rather than the more burdensome process of obtaining an ICP license, for the operation of the websites related to their online degree programs. The MII could, however, require the universities to obtain ICP licenses in the future. Some of our university partners for online degree programs have not made the required filing with the MII. In addition, our university partners may be required in the future to make other filings or obtain other approvals to maintain their online degree programs. If our university partners fail to make these filings, or obtain these licenses or other approvals, their online degree programs may be sanctioned or suspended, which would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Our online tutoring business was acquired through a transaction that did not comply with applicable PRC regulations; we may therefore face regulatory challenges, including fines and other sanctions, with respect to this business.

Notwithstanding certain restructuring activities and the acquisition of 100% of the equity interest in Gotop Electronic, the entity that provides our online tutoring services and the ICP services related to such online tutoring services, our initial 80% equity interest in Gotop Electronic was originally acquired in 2005 through a separate subsidiary, Hongcheng Liye. That acquisition required approvals from the MII, the MOE and the MOFCOM, and these approvals were not obtained. Although in 2007, the 80% equity interest held by Hongcheng Liye was transferred to Xiandai Technology, and we acquired the remaining 20% equity interest in Gotop Electronic in 2008 through our affiliated entity, Hongcheng Education, any challenge by the PRC government to our initial acquisition or the imposition of sanctions against us for our activities before the restructuring could adversely affect our results of operations. In 201 3 , our online tutoring business accounted for 5. 7 % of our net revenue. There is no assurance that we will not be sanctioned for our non-compliance before these corrective measures were taken. These sanctions can range from monetary fines and penalties to suspension of our licenses or services that we provide to our customers.

Certain of our PRC subsidiaries, PRC-affiliated entity and customers may face regulatory challenges, including fines and other sanctions, as a result of their failure to comply with certain licensing and regulatory approval requirements.

When Gotop Electronic, a subsidiary of Xiandai Technology that holds the ICP license for our online tutoring business, was approved by relevant PRC authorities to engage in the ICP business, its registered capital did not meet the minimum requirement specified under PRC law for ICP license holders. We have since increased the registered capital of Gotop Electronic to satisfy this requirement. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations on Internet Information Services.” In addition, one of our PRC subsidiaries, Gotop Hongcheng, was previously engaged in the sale of products and services for our online tutoring programs which exceeded the scope of their business licenses. We have subsequently transferred the sales activities to third-party distributors and our sales centers which have the required business licenses. There is no assurance that we will not be sanctioned for our non-compliance before these corrective measures were taken. These sanctions can range from monetary fines and penalties to suspension of our licenses or services that we provide to our customers.

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Our online tutoring business may be deemed to be engaged in “Internet publishing,” “Internet culture activities” and “broadcasting audio-video programs through the Internet,” which, under PRC regulations, would require Gotop Electronic to obtain three additional licenses, the online publication license, the Internet culture business operation license and the license for broadcasting audio-video programs through the Internet. At present, there is no official or publicly-available definition of “Internet publishing” or “Internet culture activities”. Based on verbal confirmations from the relevant regulatory authorities, our online tutoring business currently does not fall into the scope of “Internet publishing,” “Internet culture activities” or “broadcasting audio-video programs through the Internet.” However, there is no assurance that Gotop Electronic will not be required to obtain these licenses in the future as a result of changes in interpretation of the relevant rules or changes in position of the relevant authorities. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations on Online Publications” “—Regulations on Internet Culture Activities” and “—Regulations on Broadcasting Audio-Video Programs through the Internet or Other Information Network.” If Gotop is required to obtain these licenses in the future and is unable to do so, we may face regulatory challenges, including fines, suspensions of service and other sanctions, in respect of our online tutoring business.

Our contractual arrangements with our PRC-affiliated entity and its shareholders may not be as effective in providing operational control and economic benefits as direct ownership.

We rely on our PRC-affiliated entity, Hongcheng Education, to operate our private primary and secondary schools and to provide services to some of our university partners. We hold and maintain certain ICP licenses for operating our websites through Xiandai Technology, which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Hongcheng Education. Hongcheng Education is owned by PRC citizens with whom we have entered into contractual arrangements to provide us with control over and substantially all the economic benefits from the entity. Hongcheng Education is our variable interest entity, but we have no direct ownership interest in it. Our contractual arrangements with the PRC-affiliated entity and the shareholders of the PRC-affiliated entity include technical consulting and services agreements, loan agreements, shareholder voting rights entrustment agreements, call option agreements, equity pledge agreements and powers of attorney. For a description of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—Our Corporate Structure and Contractual Arrangements.” There are considerable uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of PRC laws and regulations governing these contractual arrangements. Accordingly, we cannot guarantee that these arrangements will not be challenged by PRC regulatory authorities or found to violate existing PRC laws or regulations or new laws and regulations that may be adopted in the future. In addition, under the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, regulations, all foreign-denominated loans are required to be registered with SAFE. Our U.S.-dollar loans to the shareholders of Hongcheng Education to fund the registered capital requirements of Hongcheng Education were not registered with the SAFE at the time they were made. As a result, we could be subject to sanctions for these loans and these loans may not be enforceable under PRC laws.

Our contractual arrangements with our PRC-affiliated entity may not be as effective in providing us with control over them as direct ownership of the entity would be. In addition, our PRC-affiliated entity or its shareholders may breach the contractual arrangements we have with them. For example, our PRC-affiliated entity may distribute dividends to its shareholders who may decide not to remit these dividends to us in accordance with our contractual arrangements. Moreover, our PRC-affiliated entity or its shareholders may refuse to renew these contractual arrangements. In addition, in the event of the death or disability of any of the shareholders of our PRC-affiliated entity, there is uncertainty under PRC law whether the shareholder voting rights entrustment agreements that we have entered into with them would be enforceable against their legal heirs or assigns. Furthermore, although our loans to shareholders of our PRC-affiliated entity specify that they may only be repaid with the shares of those companies held by the shareholders, it is unclear whether this provision is enforceable under PRC law. If disputes under these contractual arrangements were to arise, we would have to rely on legal remedies under PRC law. These remedies may not always be effective, particularly in light of uncertainties in the PRC legal system, and may be significantly more limited than the legal remedies available in the legal systems of the United States and many other countries. See “—Risks Related to the People’s Republic of China—China’s legal system has inherent uncertainties that could materially and adversely affect us.” If we are unable to enforce our rights, we may be unable to operate certain of our businesses through Hongcheng Education, or we may be unable to receive all of the economic benefits to which we are entitled from the entity.

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The enforcement of the equity pledge agreement between Hongcheng Technology and shareholders of Hongcheng Education may be limited by PRC laws and regulations.

Under the equity pledge agreement, the shareholders of the PRC-affiliated entity Hongcheng Education pledged their equity interests in the Hongcheng Education to Hongcheng Technology, our PRC subsidiary to secure the performances of their obligations under all the VIE contractual arrangements. The equity pledges of Hongcheng Education under the equity pledge agreement have been registered with the relevant local branch of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce. However, in the registration forms of the local branch of State Administration for Industry and Commerce for the pledges over the equity interests under the equity pledge agreements, the debt secured under the equity pledge agreement was stated as RMB39.2 million and RMB15.0 million respectively, which in aggregate represent 100% of the registered capital of Hongcheng Education. The equity pledge agreements with Hongcheng Education’s shareholder provide that the pledged equity interest shall constitute continuing security for any and all of the indebtedness, obligations and liabilities under all all the VIE contractual arrangements, and the scope of pledge shall not be limited by the amount listed on the equity pledge registration forms. However, it is possible that a PRC court may take the position that the amount listed on the equity pledge registration forms represents the full amount secured that has been registered and perfected. If this is the case, the obligations that are supposed to be secured in the equity pledge agreements in excess of the amount listed on the equity pledge registration forms could be determined by the PRC court as unsecured debt, which takes last priority among creditors and often does not have to be paid back at all. We do not have agreements that pledge the assets of Hongcheng Education and its subsidiaries for the benefit of us or our wholly owned subsidiaries.

The shareholders of our PRC-affiliated entity may have potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The shareholders of Hongcheng Education are Mr. Changqing Xie, one of our officers, and Mr. Xueshan Yang, one of our former directors. In the case of Mr. Changqing Xie, conflicts of interests between his duties to our company and to Hongcheng Education may arise. In the case of Mr. Xueshan Yang, a former director of our company, he does not owe any fiduciary duty to our company, he has not entered into any non-competition or employment agreements with our company and he does not have any relationship with us or our business except through these contractual arrangements and he is not a shareholder. These individuals may breach or cause our PRC-affiliated entity and its subsidiaries to breach or refuse to renew the existing contractual arrangements that allow us to effectively control our PRC-affiliated entity and its subsidiaries, and receive economic benefits from them. Currently, we do not have existing arrangements to address potential conflicts of interest between these individuals and our company. We cannot assure you that any or all of these individuals will act in the best interests of our company or that conflicts of interests will be resolved in our favor. If we cannot resolve any conflicts of interest or disputes between us and the owners of our PRC-affiliated entity, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which could result in disruption of our business and substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.

Our PRC-affiliated entity and its subsidiaries may be subject to significant limitations on its ability to operate private schools or make payments to related parties or otherwise be materially and adversely affected by changes in PRC laws and regulations.

Under PRC laws and regulations applicable to private schools, a private school is one that does not require a reasonable return unless it elects to be treated as a school that requires reasonable returns. At the end of each fiscal year, every private school is required to allocate a certain amount to its development fund for the construction or maintenance of the school or the procurement or upgrade of educational equipment. For a private school that requires reasonable returns, this amount must be at least 25% of the school’s annual net income, and for other private schools this amount must be at least 25% of the school’s annual increase in its net assets, if any. Private schools that require reasonable returns must publicly disclose the election of that status and provide additional information required under the regulations such as the school’s tuition and other fees and admission standards. A private school is required to consider factors such as the school’s tuition, ratio of the funds used for education-related activities to the course fees collected, admission standards and educational quality when determining the percentage of the school’s net income to be distributed to investors as reasonable returns. However, none of the current PRC laws and regulations provides a formula or guidelines for determining “reasonable returns.” When the formula or the guidelines for determining “reasonable returns” are issued by the relevant authorities, they may not permit returns to us that will be commercially reasonable and may limit our expected return on investment in our schools.

Private schools that have not elected to require reasonable returns are entitled to the same preferential tax treatment as public schools, while preferential tax treatment policies applicable to private schools requiring reasonable returns are to be separately formulated by the relevant authorities. To date, however, no separate regulations or policies have been promulgated in this regard. As a result, our private primary and secondary schools are subject to the specific requirements of their respective local tax authorities, which vary from location to location.

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Our Pingdingshan School is a school that requires “reasonable returns”. Our Anqing School was established as a school requiring “reasonable returns.” But, we had changed the status of the Anqing School to a school that does not require “reasonable returns.”

Current laws and regulations governing private education may be amended or replaced by new laws and regulations that (i) impose significant limitations on the ability of our schools to operate their business, charge course fees or make payments to related parties for services received, (ii) specify the formula for calculating “reasonable returns” or (iii) change the preferential tax treatment policies applicable to private schools. We cannot predict the timing and effects of amendments or new laws and regulations. Changes in PRC laws and regulations governing private education or otherwise affecting our PRC-affiliated entity and its subsidiaries’ operations could materially and adversely affect our business prospects and results of operations.

Contractual arrangements among our subsidiaries and PRC-affiliated entity and its subsidiaries may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities and we or our PRC-affiliated entity and its subsidiaries could be required to pay additional taxes, which could substantially reduce our consolidated net income and the value of your investment.

Arrangements and transactions among related parties may be subject to audit or challenge by the PRC tax authorities. We could face material and adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that the contractual arrangements among our subsidiaries and our PRC-affiliated entity and its subsidiaries do not represent arm’s-length terms. If this were to occur, the tax authorities could adjust our PRC-affiliated entity’s or any of its subsidiaries’ income in the form of a transfer pricing adjustment. A transfer pricing adjustment could, among other things, result in a reduction, for PRC tax purposes, of expense deductions recorded by our PRC-affiliated entity or any of its subsidiaries, which could in turn increase their tax liabilities. The PRC tax authorities could also impose late payment fees and other penalties on our PRC-affiliated entity for under-paid taxes. In addition, any challenge by the PRC tax authorities may limit the ability of our PRC-affiliated entity to maintain any preferential tax treatments and other financial incentives it currently enjoy. Our consolidated net income may be materially and adversely affected if our PRC-affiliated entity’s tax liabilities increase or if it is found to be subject to late payment fees or other penalties.

Regulatory agencies could commence investigations of the private primary and secondary schools directly owned and operated by a subsidiary of our PRC-affiliated entity, and if the results of the investigations were to be unfavorable to us, we could be subject to fines, penalties, injunctions or other censure that could have an adverse impact on our results of operations.

PRC laws and regulations currently prohibit foreign ownership of primary and secondary schools in China. Through Hongcheng Education and contractual arrangements with our PRC-affiliated entity, we own and/or operate private primary and secondary schools. As the provision of private primary and secondary school services is heavily regulated in China, our private primary and secondary schools and any new primary schools that our PRC-affiliated entity and its subsidiaries may acquire or establish may be subject from time to time to investigations, claims of non-compliance or lawsuits by governmental agencies, which may allege statutory violations or regulatory infractions. If the results of these investigations were to be unfavorable to us, we could be subject to fines, penalties, injunctions or other censure that could have an adverse impact on our results of operations. Even if we were to adequately address any issues raised by a government investigation, we might have to devote significant financial and management resources to resolve these issues, which could harm our business.

If we lose control over controlling non-tangible assets of our VIE and its subsidiaries, including their chops, seals and business licenses or non-corporate entity registration certificates, our business and operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our VIE and its subsidiaries have certain controlling non-tangible assets, such as chops, seals and their business licenses (for our VIE and its subsidiaries) or non-corporate entity registration certificates (for our VIE’s private schools), for entering into contracts, dealing with banks or taking certain official actions including registering any change to the composition of the board or senior management team with relevant PRC authorities.

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Under the PRC law, legal documents for various transactions, including government filings, agreements and contracts, are executed using chops or seals of the signing entity or with the signature of the legal representative whose designation is registered and filed with the relevant industry and commerce administration authorities. We generally execute legal documents by affixing chops or seals, rather than having the designated legal representatives sign the documents. Our VIE and its subsidiaries have four types of chops and seals: the entity chop, the contract chop, the legal representative seal and the finance chop. The entity chop is generally used for documents to be submitted to government agencies, such as applications for changing business scope, directors or entity name, and for other legal letters. The contract chop isused for executing leases and commercial contracts, including service contracts with our students. The legal reprehensive seal is normally used for issuing checks. The finance chop is generally used for making and collecting payments, including, but not limited to issuing invoices. Our VIE’s and its subsidiaries’ business licenses and the schools’ non-corporate entity registration certificates are required to be presented for (i) annual inspection by the industry and commerce administration authorities or the civil affairs administration authorities, as applicable, in order to maintain valid existence; (ii) application, registration and modification of other licenses and qualifications; (iii) opening bank accounts and (iv) purchase of real properties or motor vehicles.

Under the internal policies adopted by us for our VIE and its subsidiaries, the use of chops and seals must be approved by specifically designated managers before the custodians of these assets may affix the chops and seals to legal documents for approved uses. Hongcheng Technology’s prior written approval is required before the business licenses of our VIE and its subsidiaries or the schools’ non-corporate entity registration certificates can be taken offsite.

Similar to the other aspects of our VIE’s business operations, we control our VIE’s and its subsidiaries’ controlling non-tangible assets through our control over our VIE and its subsidiaries, which in turn is based on our contractual arrangements with our VIE and its shareholders, rather than through direct ownership. As one of the measures to maintain the control over local subsidiaries of our VIE, we appoint the legal representatives and the senior management team for each of our VIE’s subsidiaries. To maintain the control over their chops and seals and business licenses or non-corporate entity registration certificates, we also appoint the designated manager normally one of the top-ranking managers in each of our VIE’s subsidiaries, who approves the use of these assets, and appoints custodians of these assets. To maintain their physical security, we require all chops, seals, business licenses and non-corporate entity registration certificates to be stored in secured locations accessible only to the designated custodians.

Although we believe we have maintained effective control over our controlling non-tangible assets through the procedure and measures described above, these procedures and measures may not be sufficient to prevent all instances of abuse or unauthorized actions. If we fail to maintain effective control over these controlling non-tangible assets for any reason, or if any of these controlling non-tangible assets were misused or misappropriated by the authorized users, whether as a result of labor disputes or other disputes, such persons’ malfeasance or another reason, these controlling non-tangible assets may be used to (i) transfer assets of the affected entities without our approval, (ii) bind the affected entities with obligations against our interest which we would be forced to fulfill, (iii) obstruct the affected entities’ cash flow and financing, or (iv) prevent the affected entities from completing the required annual inspection or other administrative procedures, which will resulting the loss of such entities’ valid existence. If the legal representative or person designated with the responsibility to control the non-tangible assets of a local entity of our VIE misuses or misappropriates the controlling intangible assets in any manner, or otherwise acts against our instruction in an effort to seize control over such entity, we would need to have a shareholder or board resolution to designate a new legal representative and to take legal actions to seek the return of these assets, apply to the relevant authorities for new chops, seals, business licenses and corporate entity registration certificates, or otherwise seek legal remedies against such person, which may be time-consuming and may not be sufficient or timely to remedy all the harms caused. During any period in which we lose effective control of the activities as a result of such loss of control over or misuse or misappropriation of these non-tangible assets, the business activities of the affected entity may be severely disrupted and we could lose the economic benefits of that aspect of our VIE’s business, which may materially and adversely affect our overall business operations, our financial position and results of operations.

We may in the future rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries and PRC-affiliated entity to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

We are a holding company, and we may rely in the future on dividends from our PRC subsidiaries and service, license and other fees paid to our PRC subsidiaries by our PRC-affiliated entity and its subsidiaries for our cash requirements, including servicing any debt we may incur. Current PRC regulations permit our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to us only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, each of our PRC subsidiaries and PRC-affiliated entity (other than our schools, which are subject to different regulations) in China is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of its registered capital. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. Currently, all of our PRC subsidiaries comply with this reserve requirement except seven of our PRC subsidiaries because their statutory reserves have reached 50% of their registered capital. Furthermore, if our PRC subsidiaries and PRC-affiliated entity incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the terms of that debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments to us. Moreover, at the end of each fiscal year, every private school in China is required to allocate a certain amount to its development fund for the construction or maintenance of the school or procurement or upgrade of educational equipment. For private schools that require reasonable returns, this amount must be at least 25% of the annual net income of the school, if any. As a result, our return on investment in our private schools will be limited by this reserve requirement. See “—Our PRC-affiliated entity and its subsidiaries may be subject to significant limitations on its ability to operate private schools or make payments to related parties or otherwise be materially and adversely affected by changes in PRC laws and regulations.” Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries and PRC-affiliated entity to distribute dividends or other payments to us in the future could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our businesses, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

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We may be treated as a “resident enterprise” for PRC tax purposes under the Enterprise Income Tax Law, which may subject us to PRC income tax for our income originated both within and outside the PRC.

Under the Enterprise Income Tax Law, or the EIT Law, enterprises established under the laws of non-PRC jurisdictions but whose “de facto management” body is located in the PRC, may be treated as “resident enterprises” for PRC tax purposes. The EIT Law’s implementing rules define “de facto management” as having substantial and overall management and control over the production and operations, personnel, accounting, and properties of the enterprise. The only detailed guidance currently available for the definition of “de facto management body” as well as the determination of offshore incorporated PRC tax resident and its administration are set forth in two notices issued by the PRC State Administration of Taxation, or the SAT notices, which provide guidance on the administration as well as determination of the tax residency of Chinese-controlled offshore incorporated enterprise, defined as an enterprise that is incorporated under the laws of a foreign country or territory and that has a PRC company or PRC corporate group as its primary controlling shareholder. Based on our analysis of the current facts, we believe that we and our overseas subsidiaries should not be treated as “resident enterprises” for PRC tax purposes. It remains unclear, however, as to how tax authorities will determine tax residency based on the facts of each case. For the year ended December 31, 201 3 , our calculation of income taxes generally reflects our status as a non-China tax resident company. If the PRC governmental authorities hold that we and our overseas subsidiaries should be treated as a resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes, our worldwide income will be subject to PRC income tax at the 25% uniform tax rate, which could have an impact on our effective tax rate and an adverse effect on our net income and results of operations, although dividends distributed from our PRC subsidiaries to us could be exempt from PRC dividend withholding tax, since such income is exempted under the new EIT Law to a PRC resident recipient.

If we are treated as a “resident enterprise” under the EIT Law, dividends payable by us to our foreign investors and gains on the sale of our ADSs or ordinary shares may become subject to taxes under PRC tax laws.

Under the EIT Law and implementation regulations issued by the State Council, PRC income tax at the rate of 10% is applicable to dividends payable to investors that are “non-resident enterprises,” which do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC, or which have such establishment or place of business but the relevant income is not effectively connected with the establishment or place of business, to the extent such dividends have their sources within the PRC. Similarly, any gain realized on the transfer of ADSs or shares by such investors is also subject to 10% PRC income tax if such gain is regarded as income derived from sources within the PRC. If we are considered a PRC “resident enterprise,” it is unclear whether dividends we pay with respect to our ordinary shares or ADSs, or any gains you may realize from the transfer of our ordinary shares or ADSs, would be treated as income derived from sources within the PRC and be subject to PRC tax. If we are required under the EIT Law to withhold PRC income tax on dividends payable to our non-PRC investors that are “non-resident enterprises,” or if you are required to pay PRC income tax on the transfer of our ordinary shares or ADSs, the value of your investment in our ordinary shares or ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.

If we are treated as a “non-resident enterprise” under the EIT Law, dividends that we receive from our operating subsidiaries located in the PRC may be subject to PRC withholding tax.

Under the EIT Law and its implementation rules, dividends declared on earnings generated after January 1, 2008 and payable by a foreign invested entity, or FIE, in China to its foreign investors who are non-resident enterprises are subject to a 10% withholding tax, unless any such foreign investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding arrangement. The Cayman Islands, where we are incorporated, does not have a tax treaty with China. In the future, our income may be derived from dividends we receive from our operating subsidiaries located in the PRC. Thus, dividends paid to us by our subsidiaries in China may be subject to the 10% income tax if we are considered a “non-resident enterprise” under the EIT Law. If we are required to pay a 10% withholding tax for dividends we may receive from our subsidiaries in the future, it would materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

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PRC regulation of loans and direct investment by offshore holding companies to PRC entities may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of our initial public offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries and PRC-affiliated entity, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Since we are an offshore holding company for our PRC subsidiaries and PRC-affiliated entity, we may make loans to our PRC subsidiaries and PRC-affiliated entity, or we may make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries. Any loans we make to our PRC subsidiaries or our PRC-affiliated entity are subject to PRC regulations and approvals. For example:

· loans by us to any of our PRC subsidiaries, each of which is a FIE, to finance their activities cannot exceed the difference between the total investment amount and the registered capital of the PRC subsidiary, each as set forth in its articles of association, and must be registered with the SAFE; and

· loans by us to our PRC-affiliated entity or its subsidiaries must be approved by the relevant government authorities including, the SAFE and the NDRC, and must also be registered with the SAFE.

We may also decide to finance our PRC subsidiaries by means of capital contributions. These capital contributions would have to be approved by the MOFCOM or its local counterpart. We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain these government registrations or approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans or capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiaries or our PRC-affiliated entity or any of their respective subsidiaries. If we fail to receive these registrations or approvals, our ability to finance our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

If our PRC-affiliated entity or its subsidiaries become the subject of a bankruptcy or liquidation proceeding, we may lose the ability to use and enjoy those assets, which could reduce the size of our operations and materially and adversely affect our business, ability to generate revenue and the market price of our ADSs.

To comply with PRC laws and regulations relating to foreign ownership in the education and telecommunications sectors, we currently conduct our operations in China through contractual arrangements with our PRC-affiliated entity and its shareholders and subsidiaries. As part of these arrangements, our PRC-affiliated entity and its subsidiaries hold some of the assets that are important to the operation of our business. If any of these entities goes bankrupt and all or part of their assets become subject to liens or rights of third-party creditors, we may be unable to continue some or all of our business activities, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If any of our PRC-affiliated entity or its subsidiaries undergoes a voluntary or involuntary liquidation proceeding, its shareholders or unrelated third-party creditors may claim rights to some or all of these assets, which would hinder our ability to operate our business, which could materially and adversely affect our business, our ability to generate revenue and the market price of our ADSs.

The audit report included in this annual report are prepared by auditors who are not inspected by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board and, as such, you are deprived of the benefits of such inspection

Our independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit reports included in our annual reports filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, as auditors of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the US Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), or the PCAOB, is required by the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess its compliance with the laws of the United States and professional standards. Because our auditors are located in the Peoples’ Republic of China, a jurisdiction where the PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the Chinese authorities, our auditors are not currently inspected by the PCAOB.

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Inspections of other firms that the PCAOB has conducted outside China have identified deficiencies in those firms’ audit procedures and quality control procedures, which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality. This lack of PCAOB inspections in China prevents the PCAOB from regularly evaluating our auditor’s audits and its quality control procedures. As a result, investors may be deprived of the benefits of PCAOB inspections.

The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to PCAOB inspections. Investors may lose confidence in our reported financial information and procedures and the quality of our financial statements.

Risks Related to the People’s Republic of China

Proceedings instituted by the SEC against five PRC-based accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act.

In late 2012, the SEC commenced administrative proceedings under Rule 102(e) of its Rules of Practice and also under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 against the Chinese affiliates of the ‘‘big four’’ accounting firms,(including our auditors) and also against Dahua (the former BDO affiliate in China). The Rule 102(e) proceedings initiated by the SEC relate to these firms’ inabilityto produce documents, including audit work papers, in response to the request of the SEC pursuant to Section 106 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as the auditors located in the PRC are not in a position lawfully to produce documents directly to the SEC because of restrictions under PRC law and specific directives issued by the China Securities Regulatory Commission. The issues raised by the proceedings are not specific to our auditors or to us, but affect equally all audit firms based in China and all China-based businesses with securities listed in the United States.

In January 2014, the administrative judge reached an Initial Decision that the “big four ” accounting firms should be barred from practicing before the Commission for six months. However, it is currently impossible to determine the ultimate outcome of this matter as the accounting firms have filed a Petition for Review of the Initial Decision and pending that review the effect of the Initial Decision is suspended. The SEC Commissioners will review the Initial Decision, determine whether there has been any violation and, if so, determine the appropriate remedy to be placed on these audit firms. Once such an order was made, the accounting firms would have a further right to appeal to the US Federal courts, and the effect of the order might be further stayed pending the outcome of that appeal.

Depending upon the final outcome, listed companies in the United States with major PRC operations may find it difficult or impossible to retain auditors in respect of their operations in the PRC, which could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, including possible delisting. Moreover, any negative news about the proceedings against these audit firms may cause investor uncertainty regarding China-based, United States-listed companies and the market price of our ADSs may be adversely affected.

Our business may be adversely affected by the economic, political and social conditions in China.

Substantially all of our assets are located in China and all of our revenue is derived from our operations in China. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects are subject, to a significant extent, to economic, political and social developments in China. The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the amount of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, and control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over the past three decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy.

The PRC government has implemented various measures to encourage economic development and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures benefit the overall PRC economy, but may also have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations that are applicable to us. Measures to control the pace of economic growth may cause a decrease in the level of economic activity in China, which in turn could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, stimulus measures designed to boost the Chinese economy during the recent global financial crisis may contribute to higher inflation, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. For example, certain operating costs and expenses, such as employee compensation and office operating expenses, may increase as a result of higher inflation. Additionally, because a substantial portion of our assets consists of cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments, high inflation could significantly reduce the value and purchasing power of these assets.

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Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by the downturn in the global or Chinese economy.

The global financial markets have experienced significant disruptions since 2008. China’s economy has also faced challenges. To the extent that there has been recovery in some areas, it is uncertain whether such recovery is sustainable. Since we derive substantially all of our revenues from users in China, our business and prospects may be affected by economic conditions in China. A slowdown in China’s economy may lead to a reduced amount of personal spending on online services, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Moreover, a slowdown in the global or Chinese economy or the recurrence of any financial disruptions may have a material and adverse impact on financings available to us. The weakness in the economy could erode investors’ confidence, which constitutes the basis of the equity markets. The recent turmoil in the financial markets may significantly restrict our ability to obtain financing in the capital markets or from financial institutions on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Although we are uncertain about the extent to which the recent global financial and economic crisis and slowdown of the Chinese economy may impact our business in the long term, there is a risk that our business, results of operations and prospects would be materially adversely affected by the global economic downturn and any slowdown of the Chinese economy.

If preferential tax treatments currently available to us are reduced or repealed, our business and results of operations could suffer.

On January 1, 2008, the EIT Law became effective, pursuant to which FIEs, such as our PRC subsidiaries, and domestic companies are both subject to a uniform statutory tax rate of 25%. Preferential tax treatments will continue to be granted to entities that are classified as “high and new technology enterprises strongly supported by the State” or to entities that conduct business in encouraged sectors, whether FIEs or domestic companies. Pursuant to Circular 172, which was issued on April 14, 2008, in order for applicant enterprises to be classified as “high and new technology enterprises strongly supported by the State,” certain requirements must be met, such as ownership of the core intellectual property, products or services within “State-Encouraged High Technology Areas.” Pursuant to the EIT Law and regulations thereunder, enterprises that were established before March 6, 2007, and were enjoying preferential tax rates according to previous tax laws, administrative regulations, and other circulars with equivalent effect, will have their preferential tax rates gradually transitioned to the new uniform tax rate over a five-year period starting from January 1, 2008. Enterprises that were also enjoying preferential tax exemptions and/or reductions for a specified term, however, may continue to enjoy those exemptions and/or reductions in accordance with the implementation of transitional preferential tax policies for enterprise income tax.

On April 14, 2008, Measures on the Classification of High and New Technology Enterprises, a discussion and interpretation of the detailed standards applicable to the classification of “high and new technology enterprises” status, was promulgated. Currently eight of our subsidiaries and our PRC-affiliated entity have been approved and classified as “high and new technology enterprises”. Each approval is valid for three years conditional upon successfully meeting criteria and filing requirements on an annual basis, and each classified entity can then apply to renew for an additional three years provided their business operations continue to qualify for the new high and new technology enterprise, or HNTE, status. However, as the procedures for obtaining classification as an HNTE are very complicated and time consuming, and the standards for classification as a HNTE are not easy to achieve, we cannot assure you that our entities currently classified as an HNTE will continue to be classified as such.

China’s legal system has inherent uncertainties that could materially and adversely affect us.

We are a holding company, and we conduct our business primarily through our subsidiaries and PRC-affiliated entity incorporated in China. We and our subsidiaries are generally subject to laws and regulations applicable to foreign investment in China. We depend on our PRC-affiliated entity to honor its agreements with us. Most of our contractual arrangements with our PRC-affiliated entity are governed by PRC law and disputes arising out of these agreements are expected to be decided by arbitration in China.

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China’s legal system is based upon written statutes. Prior court decisions may be cited for reference but are not binding on subsequent cases and have limited value as precedents. Since 1979, the Chinese legislative bodies have promulgated laws and regulations dealing with economic and other matters such as foreign investment, corporate organization and governance, commerce, taxation, trade and education. However, China has not developed a fully integrated legal system and the array of new laws and regulations may not be sufficient to cover all aspects of economic and other activities in China. In particular, because these laws and regulations are relatively new, and because of the limited volume of published decisions and their non-binding nature, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws and regulations involve uncertainties. In addition, published governmental policies and internal rules may have retroactive effect and, in some cases, the policies and rules are not published at all. As a result, we may be unaware of our violation of these policies and rules until some time later. See “—Risks Related to China’s Regulation of the Education and Telecommunication Sectors and Our Corporate Structure—If the PRC authorities determine that our organizational structure for operating our business does not comply with PRC regulations, we could be subject to sanctions, including being required to discontinue all or a portion of our business.”

Regulation and censorship of information disseminated over the Internet in China may adversely affect our business and subject us to liability for information linked to our websites.

The PRC government has adopted regulations governing Internet access and the distribution of news and other information over the Internet. Under these regulations, ICPs and Internet publishers are prohibited from posting or displaying over the Internet content that, among other things, violates PRC laws and regulations, impairs the national dignity of China, or is reactionary, obscene, superstitious, fraudulent or defamatory. Failure to comply with these requirements may result in the revocation of licenses to provide Internet content and other licenses and the closure of the concerned websites. In the past, failure to comply with these requirements has resulted in the closure of websites found to be in violation of these regulations. The website operator may also be held liable for such censored information displayed on or linked to the website. There have been instances in which the PRC government has blocked the access in China to the websites of foreign universities as a result of its concern with regard to the content on such sites, and the same actions could be taken against websites of the online degree programs for which we provide services and derive revenue, as well as our online tutoring program’s website and other websites that form part of our business. In addition, the MII has published regulations that subject website operators to potential liability for content displayed on their websites and the actions of users of their systems, including liability for violations of PRC laws prohibiting the dissemination of socially destabilizing content. The Ministry of Public Security can order any local Internet service provider to block any Internet website at its sole discretion. From time to time, the Ministry of Public Security has stopped Internet dissemination of information that it believes to be socially destabilizing. The State Secrecy Bureau can also block any website leaking state secrets or failing to meet the relevant regulations relating to the protection of state secrets in the dissemination of online information.

If PRC regulatory authorities determine that any of our websites or the websites of our university partners providing online degree programs is in violation of law or policy and takes action to close any such website or impose other sanctions, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

Our insurance coverage may be inadequate to protect us against losses.

The insurance industry in China is still at an early stage of development. Insurance companies in China offer limited business insurance products and do not, to our knowledge, offer business liability insurance or coverage for business interruption. As a result, we do not have any business liability, loss of data or business interruption insurance coverage for our operations in China. If any claims for injury are brought against us, or if we experience any business disruption, litigation or natural disaster, we might incur substantial costs and diversion of resources.

You may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing original actions in China based on United States or other foreign laws against us, our management or the experts named in this annual report.

We conduct substantially all of our operations in China and substantially all of our assets are located in China. In addition, the majority of our directors and executive officers and some of the experts named in this annual report reside within China. As a result, it may not be possible to effect service of process within the United States or elsewhere outside China upon us, our directors or executive officers or upon some of the experts named in the annual report. In addition, it may be difficult or impossible to bring an original action against us or our directors or executive officers in a PRC court if rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities law or otherwise. Moreover, we have been advised that China does not have treaties with the United States or many other countries providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgment of courts.

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Higher rates of inflation and rising costs in the PRC may adversely affect our business and our profitability.

The Chinese economy has been experiencing significant growth, leading to inflation and increased costs. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the annual average percent change in the consumer price index in China was an increase of 2. 7 % in 201 3 . China’s overall economy and the various costs in the PRC are expected to continue to grow. Although we were not materially affected by inflation in the past, we can provide no assurance that we will not be affected in the future by higher rates of inflation in China. For example, certain operating costs and expenses, such as employee compensation and office operating expenses, may increase as a result of higher inflation. Additionally, because a substantial portion of our assets consists of cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments in RMB, high inflation could significantly reduce the value and purchasing power of these assets. We are not able to hedge our exposure to higher inflation in China. Continuing increases in China’s inflation and material increases in various costs may diminish our competitive advantage, our profitability and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Governmental restrictions of currency conversion may limit our ability to receive and use our revenue or financing effectively.

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. Substantially all of our revenue and expenses are denominated in Renminbi, which is currently not freely convertible to the extent of capital account items, such as direct equity investments, loans and repatriation of investment. Under our current structure, substantially all of our income will be derived from dividend payments from our PRC subsidiaries. Shortages in the availability of foreign currency may restrict the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to remit sufficient foreign currency to pay dividends to us, or otherwise satisfy their foreign currency dominated obligations. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions and interest payments, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. However, the PRC government may in the future restrict access to foreign currencies for current account transactions. If we are unable to obtain sufficient foreign currency under the PRC foreign exchange control system to satisfy our currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, including holders of our ADSs.

Foreign exchange transactions by our subsidiaries in China under the capital account continue to be subject to significant foreign exchange controls and require the approval of, or registration with, PRC governmental authorities. In particular, if our subsidiaries in China borrow foreign currency loans from us or other foreign lenders, these loans must be registered with the SAFE, and if we finance them by means of additional capital contributions using, for instance, proceeds from our initial public offering these capital contributions must be approved or registered by certain government authorities including the appropriate offices of SAFE and the Ministry of Commerce. These limitations could affect the ability of these entities to obtain foreign exchange through debt or equity financing, and could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from making loans to our PRC subsidiaries and variable interest entity or making additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiary, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

We are an offshore holding company conducting our operations in China through our PRC subsidiaries and variable interest entity. We may make loans to our PRC subsidiaries and variable interest entity, or we may make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries. Any loans to our PRC subsidiaries are subject to PRC regulations and foreign exchange loan registrations. For example, loans by us to Hongcheng Technology to finance its activities cannot exceed statutory limits and must be registered with the local counterpart of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE. We may also decide to finance Hongcheng Technology by means of capital contributions. These capital contributions must be approved by the PRC Ministry of Commerce or its local counterpart. Due to the restrictions imposed on loans in foreign currencies extended to any PRC domestic companies, we are not likely to make such loans to our variable interest entity, a PRC domestic company. Meanwhile, we are not likely to finance the activities of our variable interest entity by means of capital contributions due to regulatory restrictions relating to foreign investment in PRC domestic enterprises engaged in the surveying and mapping business or value-added telecommunication services, including but not limited to internet content services, as well as licensing and other regulatory issues.

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Pursuant to a SAFE Circular 142 promulgated by SAFE, the RMB capital converted from foreign currency registered capital of a foreign-invested enterprise may only be used for purposes within the business scope approved by the applicable governmental authority and may not be used for equity investments within the PRC. In addition, SAFE strengthened its oversight of the flow and use of the RMB capital converted from foreign currency registered capital of a foreign-invested company. The use of such RMB capital may not be altered without SAFE’s approval, and such RMB capital may not in any case be used to repay RMB loans if the proceeds of such loans have not been used. Violations of SAFE Circular 142 could result in severe monetary or other penalties. In addition, SAFE promulgated a circular on November 19, 2010, or Circular 59, which requires the authenticity of settlement of net proceeds from offshore offerings to be closely examined and the net proceeds to be settled in the manner described in the offering documents. Furthermore, it has recently come to our attention that SAFE issued an internal guideline to its local counterparts, referred to as Circular 45, in November 2011. Circular 45 has never been formally announced by SAFE to the public or posted on SAFE’s website. Based on the version of Circular 45 made publicly available by certain local governmental authorities on their websites, we understand that Circular 45 requires SAFE’s local counterparts to strengthen the control imposed by Circulars 142 and 59 over the conversion of a foreign-invested company’s capital contributed in foreign currency into RMB. Circular 45 stipulates that a foreign-invested company’s RMB funds, if converted from such company’s capital contributed in foreign currency, may not be used by such company to (i) extend loans (in the form of entrusted loans), (ii) repay borrowings between enterprises, or (iii) repay bank loans it has obtained and on-lent to third parties.

In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies, including SAFE Circulars 142, 59 and 45, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries or variable interest entity or with respect to future capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiaries. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

The fluctuation of the Renminbi may materially and adversely affect your investment.

The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions. Since July 2005, the Renminbi is no longer pegged solely to the U.S. dollar. Instead, its value is measured against a basket of currencies, determined by the People’s Bank of China. For example, on August 26, 2008, the Renminbi appreciated against the U.S. dollar to approximately RMB6.78 to US$1.00, representing an upward revaluation of 0.99% of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar, as compared to the exchange rate on the previous day. The Renminbi may appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. As of April 18 , 201 4 , the Renminbi per U.S. dollar exchange rate was RMB 6.2240 to US$1.00. Fluctuations in the exchange rate will also affect the relative value of any dividend we may issue, and earnings from and the value of any U.S. dollar-denominated investments we make in the future.

Limited hedging transactions are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to successfully hedge our exposure at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency.

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Public shareholders of China-based, U.S.-listed companies and other market participants may no longer have access to a wide array of corporate records of such listed companies’ PRC entities filed with industry and commerce administration authorities in China. Loss of, or limit in, the access to such information may adversely affect overall investor confidence in China-based, U.S.-listed companies’ reported results or other disclosures, including those of our company, and may cause the trading price of our ADSs to decline.

All PRC corporate entities, including our subsidiaries, our VIE and its subsidiaries, maintain corporate records and filings with industry and commerce administration authorities in the cities where such PRC entities are registered. Information contained in such corporate records and filings includes, among others, business address, registered capital, business scope, articles of association, equity interest holders, legal representative, changes to the above information, annual financial reports, matters relating to termination or dissolution, information relating to penalties imposed, and annual inspection records.

There have been regulations promulgated by various government authorities in China that govern the public access to corporate records and filings. Under the Measures for Accessing Corporate Records and Filings promulgated on December 16, 1996 by the SAIC, or the SAIC measures, a wide range of basic corporate records, except for such restricted information as business results and financial reports, can be inspected by the public without restrictions. Under these SAIC measures, a company’s restricted information can only be inspected by authorized government officers and officials from judicial authorities or lawyers involved in pending litigation relating to such company and with court-issued proof of such litigation. In practice, local industry and commerce administration authorities in different cities have adopted various regional regulations which impose more stringent restrictions than the SAIC measures by expanding the scope of restricted information that the public cannot freely access. Many local industry and commerce administration authorities only allow unrestricted public access to such basic corporate information as name, legal representative, registered capital and business scope of a company. Under these local regulations, access to the other corporate records and filings (many of which are not restricted information under the SAIC measures) is only granted to authorized government officers and officials from judicial authorities or lawyers involved in pending litigation relating to such company and with court-issued proof of such litigation.

However, neither the SAIC nor the local industry and commerce administration authorities were reported to have strictly implemented the restrictions under either the SAIC measures or the various regional regulations before early 2012. As a result, before early 2012, the public, including public shareholders of China-based, U.S.-listed companies and other market participants, such as lawyers and research firms, were reported to be able to access all or most corporate records and filings of these listed companies’ PRC entities maintained with the industry and commerce administration authorities. Such records and filings were reported to have formed important components of researches on certain China-based, U.S.-listed companies, which researches claimed to have uncovered wrongdoings and fraud committed by these companies on the basis of (i) the disparities found between the listed companies’ reported results and their PRC entities’ financial reports filed with industry and commerce administration authorities, and (ii) information on material changes of the PRC entities, such as transfers of equity interests of significant PRC subsidiaries, that were filed with the industry and commerce administration authorities but not properly disclosed by such listed companies as required under the U.S. securities law and the SEC’s disclosure requirements. The significant disparities found between (i) certain China-based, U.S.-listed companies’ reported results and other disclosure and (ii) their PRC entities’ financial reports and other records filed with industry and commerce administration authorities were also reported to have formed the basis of several class actions against such listed companies in the United States.

It was reported that, since the first half of 2012, local industry and commerce administration authorities in a number of cities in China had started strictly implementing the above restrictions and had significantly curtailed public access to corporate records and filings. There have also been reports saying that only the limited scope of basic corporate records and filings are still accessible by the public, and much of the previously publically accessible information, such as financial reports and changes to equity interests, now can only be accessed by the parties specified in, and in strict accordance with the restrictions under, the various regional regulations. Such reported limitation on the public access to corporate records and filings and the resulting concerns over the loss of, or limit in, an otherwise available source of information to verify and evaluate the soundness of China-based, U.S.-listed companies’ business operations in China may have a significant adverse effect on the overall investor confidence in China-based, U.S.-listed companies’ reported results or other disclosures, including those of our company, and may cause the trading price of our ADSs to decline.

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We face risks related to health epidemics and other outbreaks that could result in school closures or other similar disruptions, which could adversely impact our revenue and results of operations.

Our business could be adversely affected by an outbreak of a contagious disease, such as the H5N1 strain of avian flu, H7N9 avian flu, the H1N1 strain of swine flu or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, or SARS. During the spring of 2003, China experienced an outbreak of SARS that resulted in the closure of schools, Internet cafes, and many office buildings and caused a general slowdown of business activity and the economy. China also reported a number of cases of SARS in April 2004. There have also been recently reported cases of swine flu in China and there are concerns that a pandemic could develop rapidly if the swine flu spreads broadly in China. A reoccurrence of the SARS epidemic or the occurrence of another epidemic or outbreak could adversely affect the demand for our products and services or our ability to market and service our customers and could require the closure of our private primary and secondary schools. Our business operations could be disrupted if any of our employees is suspected of having SARS, the avian flu, the swine flu or other contagious diseases, which would require that a certain number of our employees be quarantined and/or our offices be disinfected. In addition, our results of operations could be adversely affected to the extent that an outbreak of SARS, the avian flu or other contagious diseases harms the Chinese economy in general.

Recent PRC regulations relating to the establishment of offshore special purpose companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC resident shareholders to personal liability and limit our ability to acquire PRC companies or inject capital into our PRC subsidiaries, limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute profits to us, or otherwise materially and adversely affect us.

The SAFE issued the Notice on Issues Relating to the Administration of Foreign Exchange in Fund-Raising and Reverse Investment Activities of Domestic Residents Conducted via Offshore Special Purpose Companies in October 2005, which became effective in November 2005, and an implementing rule in May 2007, collectively the SAFE Rules. According to the SAFE Rules, PRC residents, including both legal persons and natural persons and PRC citizens and foreign citizens who reside in China, are required to register with the SAFE or its local branch before establishing or controlling any company outside China, referred to in the SAFE rules as an “offshore special purpose company,” for the purpose of financing that offshore company with their ownership interests in the assets of or their interests in any PRC enterprise. In addition, a PRC resident that is a shareholder of an offshore special purpose company is required to amend its SAFE registration with the local SAFE branch with respect to that offshore special purpose company in connection with the injection of equity interests or assets of a PRC enterprise in the offshore company or overseas fund raising by the offshore company, or any other material change in the capital of the offshore company, including any increase or decrease of capital, transfer or swap of share, merger, division, long-term equity or debt investment or creation of any security interest. The SAFE Rules apply retroactively. As a result, PRC residents who have established or acquired control of offshore companies that have made onshore investments in China in the past were required to complete the relevant registration procedures with the competent local SAFE branch. If any resident of China failed to file its SAFE registration for an existing offshore entity, any dividends remitted by the onshore entity to its overseas parent since April 21, 2005 will be considered to be an evasion of foreign exchange purchase rules, and the payment of the dividend will be illegal. As a result of any illegal action of this type, both the onshore entity and its actual controlling person(s) can be fined. In addition, failure to comply with the registration procedures may result in restrictions on the relevant onshore entity, including prohibitions on the payment of dividends and other distributions to its offshore parent or affiliate and capital inflow from the offshore entity. PRC resident shareholders of the offshore entity may also be subject to penalties under PRC foreign exchange administration regulations.

We have asked our shareholders and beneficial owners who are PRC residents to make the necessary applications and filings as required under Notice 75 and other related rules. However, due to uncertainty concerning the reconciliation of Notice 75 with other approval or registration requirements, it remains unclear how Notice 75, and any future legislation concerning offshore or cross-border transactions, will be interpreted, amended and implemented by the relevant government authorities. We will attempt to comply, and attempt to ensure that our shareholders and beneficial owners who are subject to these rules comply, with the relevant requirements. However, we cannot provide any assurances that all of our shareholders and beneficial owners who are PRC residents will comply with our request to make or obtain any applicable registrations or comply with other requirements required by Notice 75 or other related rules. In addition, certain of the holders of options to purchase our ordinary shares are PRC residents. It is unclear under the SAFE Rules whether these option holders would be deemed to be beneficial owners of our company for purposes of these rules as a result of holding these options. The failure or inability of our PRC resident shareholders or beneficial owners to register with the SAFE in a timely manner pursuant to the SAFE Rules, or the failure or inability of any future PRC resident shareholders or beneficial owners to make any required SAFE registration or comply with other requirements under the SAFE Rules, may subject these shareholders or beneficial owners to fines or other sanctions and may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital into or provide loans to our PRC subsidiaries, limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends to us, repay shareholder loans or otherwise distribute profits or proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to us, or otherwise adversely affect us.

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We may be subject to fines and legal sanctions imposed by SAFE, State Administration of Taxation or other PRC government authorities if we or our employees who are “domestic employees” fail to comply with recent PRC regulations relating to employee stock options granted by offshore listed companies to PRC citizens.

In February 2012, the SAFE issued the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly-Listed Company , or the Stock Incentive Plan Rule. Under the Stock Incentive Plan Rule, “domestic individuals,” which generally include both PRC residents and non-PRC residents who reside in the PRC for a continuous period of not less than one year, granted shares or share options by an overseas-listed company according to its stock incentive plan are required to register with the SAFE and complete certain other procedures related to the stock incentive plan. Such domestic individuals must also retain an overseas entrusted institution to administer matters in connection with the exercise of stock options and purchase and sale of stocks. Our employees and consultants who constitute “domestic individuals” and have been granted shares became subject to the Stock Incentive Plan Rule when we became an overseas listed company upon the completion of our initial public offering. If we or our employees and consultants who constitute “domestic individuals” and have been granted shares fail to comply with the Stock Incentive Plan Rule, we and/or such employees and consultants may be subject to fines and other sanctions. We may also face regulatory uncertainties restricting our ability to adopt additional option plans for our directors and employees under PRC law. In addition, the Ministry of Finance and State Administration of Taxation issued the Issues Relevant to the Levy of Individual Income Tax on the Income from Stock Option of Individuals Circular or Caishui [2005] No. 35, which was effective as of July 1, 2005. Under this rule, enterprises in China that operate stock option schemes as the withholding agent for individual income tax should submit certain information to the competent tax authority and fulfill the obligations for withholding and making payment of individual income. As an offshore listed company, we and our PRC employees may be subject to fines and legal sanctions imposed by the SAFE, State Administration of Taxation or other PRC government authorities, if they determine that we fail to comply with the relevant requirements. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulation of Foreign Currency Exchange and Dividend Distribution—SAFE regulations on overseas investment of PRC residents and employee stock options.”

PRC laws and regulations establish more complex procedures for some acquisitions of PRC companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in China.

PRC laws and regulations, such as the M&A Rules, the Anti-Monopoly Law and the MOFCOM Security Review Rules, established additional procedures and requirements that are expected to make merger and acquisition activities in China by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex, including requirements in some instances that the MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise, or that the approval from the MOFCOM be obtained in circumstances where overseas companies established or controlled by PRC enterprises or residents acquire affiliated domestic companies. PRC laws and regulations also require certain merger and acquisition transactions to be subject to merger control review or security review. The MOFCOM Security Review Rules, effective from September 1, 2011, further provide that, when deciding whether a specific merger or acquisition of a domestic enterprise by foreign investors is subject to the security review by the MOFCOM, the principle of substance over form should be applied and foreign investors are prohibited from bypassing the security review requirement by structuring transactions through proxies, trusts, indirect investments, leases, loans, control through contractual arrangements or offshore transactions. If the business of any target company that we plan to acquire falls into the ambit of security review, we may not be able to successfully acquire such company either by equity or asset acquisition, capital contribution or through any contractual arrangement. We may grow our business in part by acquiring other companies operating in our industry. Complying with the requirements of the relevant regulations to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including approval from the MOFCOM, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

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We face uncertainties with respect to application of the Circular on Strengthening the Administration of Enterprise Income Tax for Share Transfer of Non-PRC Resident Enterprises.

Pursuant to the Notice on Strengthening Administration of Enterprise Income Tax for Share Transfers by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or Circular 698, issued by the State Administration of Taxation on December 10, 2009, where a foreign investor transfers the equity interests of a PRC resident enterprise indirectly via disposition of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, or an “Indirect Transfer,” and such overseas holding company is located in a tax jurisdiction that (i) has an effective tax rate less than 12.5% or (ii) does not tax foreign income of its residents, the foreign investor shall report the Indirect Transfer to the competent tax authority. The PRC tax authority will examine the true nature of the Indirect Transfer, and if the tax authority considers that the foreign investor has adopted an “abusive arrangement” in order to avoid PRC tax, it may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company and re-characterize the Indirect Transfer and as a result, gains derived from such Indirect Transfer may be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of up to 10%. Circular 698 also provides that, where a non-PRC resident enterprise transfers its equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise to its related parties at a price lower than the fair market value, the competent tax authority has the power to make a reasonable adjustment to the taxable income of the transaction. Circular 698 is retroactively effective from January 1, 2008. Although several issues related to Circular 698 were clarified through the Public Notice dated March 28, 2011 by the State Administration of Taxation, there is little guidance and practical experience regarding the application of this tax circular. In recent cases, some intermediary holding companies were actually looked through by the PRC tax authorities, and consequently the non PRC resident investors were deemed to have transferred the PRC subsidiaries and PRC corporate taxes were assessed accordingly. It is possible that we or our non-resident investors may become at risk of being taxed under Circular 698 and may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with Circular 698 or to establish that we or our non-resident investors should not be taxed under Circular 698, which may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations or such non-resident investors’ investment in us.

Risks Related to Our ADSs

The market price for our ADSs may be volatile.

The market price for our ADSs is highly volatile and may be subject to wide fluctuations in response to factors including the following:

· actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly operating results;

· announcements of new services by us or our competitors;

· changes in financial estimates by securities analysts;

· changes in the business, regulatory and other conditions in the education services market in China;

· significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, collaborative alliances or capital commitments by us or our competitors;

· additions or departures of key personnel;

· termination or release of lock-up or other transfer restrictions on our outstanding ADSs or ordinary shares or sales of additional ordinary shares or ADSs;

· potential litigation or regulatory investigations;

· general economic or political conditions in China;

· price fluctuations of publicly traded securities of other PRC-based companies engaging in similar businesses; and

· general economic, business and other market conditions in the global economy.

In addition, a number of PRC companies and companies with substantial operations in China that offered and sold securities in the United States have experienced significant volatility in their share prices after their initial public offerings due to market fluctuations and other issues. Furthermore, the securities market has from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to the operating performance of particular companies. These market fluctuations may also materially and adversely affect the market price of our ADSs.

The future sales, or perceived future sales, by our existing shareholders of a substantial number of our ADSs in the public market could adversely affect the price of our ADSs.

If our shareholders sell, or are perceived as intending to sell, substantial amounts of our ordinary shares or ADSs, including those issued upon the exercise of outstanding options, the market price of our ADSs could fall. Such sales, or perceived potential sales, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity related securities in the future at a time and price that we deem appropriate. Ordinary shares held by our existing shareholders and any ADSs held by our affiliates may be sold in the public market under, and subject to the restrictions contained in, Rule 144 and Rule 701 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and applicable lock-up agreements.

In addition, certain holders of our ordinary shares have the right to cause us to register the sale of those shares under the Securities Act. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in these shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act immediately upon the effectiveness of that registration. Sales of additional registered shares in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

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Your right to participate in any future rights offerings may be limited, which may cause dilution of your holdings.

We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary bank will not offer you those rights unless the distribution to ADS holders of both the rights and any related securities is either registered under the Securities Act or exempt from registration under the Securities Act. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective. Moreover, we may not be able to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, you may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution in your holdings.

We may need additional capital and may sell additional ADSs or other equity securities and/or incur indebtedness, which could result in additional dilution to our shareholders or increase our debt service obligations.

We believe that our current cash and cash equivalents, term deposits and anticipated cash flows from operations will be sufficient to meet our presently anticipated cash needs through the end of fiscal year 201 4 . We may, however, require additional cash resources due to changed business conditions or other future developments, including any investments or acquisitions we may decide to pursue. If these resources are insufficient to satisfy our cash requirements, we may seek to sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain a credit facility. The sale of additional equity securities could result in additional dilution to our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations and could result in operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations. We have no current plans to undertake or secure any such equity or debt financing, and we can provide no assurance that any such financing would be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all.

You may not be able to exercise your right to vote.

As a holder of ADSs, you may only exercise voting rights with respect to the underlying ordinary shares in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement between us and The Bank of New York, the depositary of our ADSs. Under the deposit agreement, you must vote by giving voting instructions to the depositary. Upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will vote the underlying ordinary shares in accordance with your instructions. Otherwise, you will not be able to exercise your right to vote unless you withdraw the shares from the depositary. Under our sixth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, the minimum notice period required for convening general shareholders’ meetings is ten days. When a general shareholders’ meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice to withdraw the shares to allow you to vote with respect to any specific matter. If we ask for your instructions, the depositary will notify you of the upcoming vote and will arrange to deliver our voting materials to you. We cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote your shares. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for the manner of carrying out voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to vote and the shares underlying your ADSs may not be voted as you requested.

You may not receive distributions on ordinary shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to you.

The depositary of our ADSs has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on ordinary shares or other deposited securities after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is inequitable or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, the depositary may determine that it is not feasible to distribute certain property through the mail. Additionally, the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may determine not to distribute such property. We have no obligation to register under U.S. securities laws any ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or other securities received through such distributions. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of ADSs. This means that you may not receive any distributions we make on our ordinary shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to you. These restrictions may have a material adverse effect on the value of your ADSs.

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You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs.

Your ADSs represented by the ADRs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary thinks it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through the U.S. federal courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

We are a company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, and our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, the Cayman Islands Companies Law (Revised), or the Companies Law, and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by noncontrolling shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands, as well as from English common law, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities and companies laws as compared to the United States, and some U.S. states, such as Delaware, which have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

The Cayman Islands courts are also unlikely:

· to recognize or enforce against us judgments of courts of the United States based on the civil liability provisions of U.S. securities laws; and

· to impose liabilities against us, in original actions brought in the Cayman Islands, based on certain civil liability provisions of U.S. securities laws that are penal in nature.

There is no statutory recognition in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the United States, although the courts of the Cayman Islands will in certain circumstances recognize and enforce a non-penal judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without retrial on the merits.

As a result of all of the above, holders of our ADSs may have more difficulty in protecting their interests through actions against our management, directors or major shareholders than they would as shareholders of a U.S. company.

Item 4. Information on the Company

A. History and Development of the Company

Our holding company, ChinaEdu Corporation, was incorporated as an exempted company in the Cayman Islands with limited liability on September 6, 1999 and began our online degree program services business in the same year, providing services to Renmin University of China. Since our inception, we have rapidly grown our online degree program services business and have added three new business lines through a series of acquisitions in 2005 (online tutoring, private primary and secondary schools and international curriculum services) and in 2006 (vocational post-secondary international curriculum programs).

On December 14, 2007, we and certain selling shareholders of our company completed an initial public offering of 6,820,000 ADSs representing 20,460,000 of our ordinary shares. Our ADSs are listed on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “CEDU”.

Our principal executive offices are located at 4 th Floor-A, GeHua Building, No. 1 Qinglong Hutong, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100007, the People’s Republic of China. Our telephone number at this address is 86-10-84186655. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at the offices of Codan Trust Company (Cayman) Limited at Cricket Square, Hutchins Drive, P.O. Box 2681, Grand Cayman KY1-1111, Cayman Islands.

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Investor inquiries should be directed to us at the address and telephone number of our principal executive offices set forth above. Our website is www.chinaedu.net . The information contained on our website and our other websites is not a part of this annual report. Our agent for service of process in the United States is CT Corporation System located at 111 Eighth Avenue, 13/F, New York, New York 10011.

For a description of our principal capital expenditures, see “—D. Property, Plants and Equipment” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Capital Expenditures”.

B. Business Overview

We are a leading educational services provider in China, incorporated as an exempted limited liability company in the Cayman Islands. Established in 1999, our primary business is to provide comprehensive services to the online degree programs of leading Chinese universities. These services include academic program development, technology services, enrollment marketing, recruiting, student support services and finance operations. Our other lines of businesses include online tutoring services, the operation of private primary and secondary schools, and marketing and support for international and elite curriculum programs. We believe we are the largest comprehensive service provider to online degree programs in China in terms of the number of higher education institutions that we serve and the number of students enrolled in the online degree programs that we serve.

We currently provide technical, recruiting and other services to 27 universities with online degree programs and provide services and support to 11 additional universities that are awaiting regulatory approval to launch their online programs. Of these 38 universities, 13 of them have entered into collaborative alliances with us, ranging from 15 to 50 years in length. Eight of them have entered into technology service agreements with us, ranging from three to twenty years in length. We also perform recruiting services through our nationwide learning center network for 23 universities, including six with which we have either established collaborative alliances or entered into technology service agreements. As of December 31, 201 3 , there were approximately 447,000 revenue students in the online degree programs that we serve. A revenue student is counted when a student makes a payment in the semester except for the Online Education School of Renmin University of China where a revenue student is counted when the student makes payment and selects a credit course starting from the 2012 spring semester. These online degree programs are marketed under the brand names of these leading Chinese universities, which allow us to benefit from the significant brand equity that these higher education institutions have established.

Our business has experienced significant growth since its inception in 1999. This growth has been driven by the increased number of universities that we serve, the increased enrollment of the online degree programs of our university partners and our expansion into other education-related lines of business. We generate our revenue from service fees and tuition payments derived from students who are enrolled in, or served by, our businesses. In addition to our online degree services, we also provide online tutoring, operate private primary and secondary schools and international and elite curriculum services. As of December 31, 201 3 , we provided services to online degree programs that had an aggregate of approximately 447,000 revenue students, and we served approximately 47,000 revenue students in our other businesses. Our net revenue increased from RMB 435.9 million in 201 1 to RMB 488.3 million in 201 2 and further to RMB 547.9 million ($ 90.5 million) in 201 3 , representing a compound annual growth rate, or CAGR, of 12.1 %. Net revenue from our online degree programs contributed 79.6% , 80.5% and 80.0 %of our total net revenue for 201 1 , 201 2 and 201 3 , respectively.

We generated RMB 62.9 million in income from operations in 201 1 , which further increased to RMB 91.2 million in 201 2 and to RMB 127.4 million ($ 21.0 million) in 201 3 . Our net income attributable to ChinaEdu Corporation shareholders increased from RMB 16.8 million in 201 1 to RMB 38.0 million in 201 2 and further to RMB 50.5 million ($ 8.3 million) in 201 3 .

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Our Strengths

We believe that we possess the following competitive strengths:

· Market leadership and proven track record. We are one of the market leaders in the education services market in China due to our early mover advantage, proven track record and delivery of innovative services that are in high demand. We believe we are the leading company in China providing comprehensive services and technological and operational support to Chinese universities with online degree programs, both in terms of the number of higher education institutions that we serve and the number of students enrolled in the online degree programs that we serve. Our experienced management team, established technology platform and capabilities, operational expertise and content portfolio allow us to effectively attract and retain customers as well as identify new opportunities in the private education market.

· Substantial knowledge of our customers and the Chinese education market. Through our 1 4 -year operating history, early efforts to develop an online technology platform and comprehensive service offering for Chinese universities, we have acquired substantial knowledge of the Chinese education market and the needs of its consumers. As we have expanded our service offerings, we are able to take advantage of our market knowledge to address additional areas in which we believe we can leverage our experience, processes and technology to meet the needs of the market. As a result, we have expanded our business to include an online tutoring platform, the operation of private primary and secondary schools and the distribution and support of international and elite curriculum.

· Provider of premier services for online degree programs. We believe our products are positioned as attractive choices for both academic institutions and students. We have provided comprehensive services and support to universities for their online degree programs since 1999. Our service model and technology platform have proven to be successful, as demonstrated by our leading position in terms of number of institutions served. In addition, we have developed a wide array of proprietary courseware, from which we have tailored approximately 2, 5 00 courses for our university partners based on their individual requirements. Many of these courses can be used as a base from which we can develop similar courses for new university partners, thus enabling us to benefit from economies of scale. We use this service model with our reliable technology platforms, comprehensive library of courseware and operational and marketing expertise to help universities achieve their academic and financial goals.

· Experienced management team with proven track record. We have an experienced management team with an average of over 14 years of experience in either the education services industry or the online services industry. We have recruited and retained strong leaders with proven skills to serve in key positions within our management team, and our team members collectively possess substantial experience in education, technology, marketing and finance.

· After school online tutoring expertise. We believe our 101 online school, which holds a 1 8 -year proven track record, is the earliest established K-12 after school online tutoring platform in China. Our online tutoring program boasts broad educational resources including the country’s most extensive online education content bank as well as an unrivalled expertise in online teaching that includes a standing network of approximately 13,800 part-time and full-time front-line teachers. Our online tutoring platform, along with our rich experience in K-12 after school tutoring, enables us to further penetrate both the K-12 after school tutoring market as well as the K-12 online tutoring market with a greater chance of success.

Our Strategy

As the Chinese economy continues its growth, individual purchasing power in China has increased significantly. This factor, combined with dramatic developments in technology in the past decade, position us favorably as we launched a series of high-end products intended to engage students in interactive learning. To harness the opportunities brought by a strong economy and continual technological advances, our strategy consists of the following key elements across our business segments:

Online Degree Programs:

· Expand the penetration of our online degree program services. We plan to take advantage of our established leadership position and track record to further penetrate the online degree market by increasing the number of universities that use our services and by helping our existing university partners increase enrollment in their current programs. We continuously and actively target new universities to become our partners for their online education programs. Additionally, we plan to help our existing university partners increase enrollment in their online programs by helping them expand their course offerings, improve marketing and recruitment initiatives and reduce student attrition. We continually strive to enhance our technology platform to improve the online learning experience for university students.

· Expand our network of learning centers. We established our learning center network in 2008 to strengthen our ability to assist our customers with recruitment and enhance the service quality of our online degree programs. We currently have 1 43 learning centers. We believe these learning centers allow us to significantly enhance our brand recognition, increase our access to potential students for online degree programs and thereby allow us to enhance our profitability. We are also actively pursuing strategic relationships with potential university partners to provide learning center services to their online degree programs in the future.

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K-12 Programs:

· We seek to advance our K-12 programs by further improving our online tutoring business. Whether online or offline, the K-12 market allows us to leverage our core competencies: harnessing technological advancement, content creation and teaching expertise. In our online tutoring program, we plan to improve our products to make them more interactive and to allow them to take full advantage of all the newest terminal delivery systems such as tablets, smart phones and other web-enabled platforms. In our offline programs, we also strive to make our experiences as interactive as possible by designing courses that focus on students and by giving our experienced teaching staff flexibility in preparing curriculum to meet the needs of students today. Additionally, to keep pace with growing demand for high-end K-12 programs, we continue to offer boost programs and test preparation courses for students on the Gao Kao Track. Students on the Gao Kao Track are mainly served by our 101 online services and products designed to achieve score-driven results. We believe our extensive experience in K-12 programs, our strong sales channels and research and development team and our planned improvements to our customer service will increase the market appeal of our online and offline K-12 programs.

Whole company:

· Develop new products and services that further enhance the learning experience of existing students and attract new students. We plan to increase our research and development efforts to develop new products and services for our online tutoring and online degree programs to introduce more robust online learning programs that will enhance our students’ learning experience and improve their sense of community when they use our programs. We further plan to enhance our online tutoring programs by recruiting additional high quality teachers, expanding our program curriculum and incorporating more interactive technology to increase student usage and retention for our programs.

· Pursue strategic acquisitions. We have previously made a number of strategic acquisitions to broaden our service offerings and to expand into additional segments of the Chinese educational market. We will continue to seek and evaluate acquisition opportunities that are complementary to our existing lines of business or can further expand the services that we provide to customers.

· Continue to strengthen our brand name and our reputation . As we move towards becoming a more consumer-driven business, we will focus on continuing to build our brand name and reputation among existing customers, other Chinese and foreign education institutions as well as students, teachers and parents. We believe that building our brand and reputation will allow us to attract new schools and students to our expanding business lines. We have been increasing our marketing activities by launching public relations campaigns designed to reach a broader group of teachers and parents and increase awareness of our brand among university management teams.

· Aggregate educational contents and integrated standards . We believe that the education industry must build an extensive amount of content and create common standards for the electronic delivery of educational content. We intend to work towards aggregation of third-party content and the development of these standards to support the expansion of our online programs and ensure that end-users, including the owners of tablets and other web-enabled devices, will be able to access our content.

Our Business

We are a leading educational service provider in China. Our primary business is to provide comprehensive services for the online degree programs of leading Chinese universities. We also offer online tutoring services to primary and secondary school students, operate primary and secondary schools and market international English language curriculum programs to established learning institutions.

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Online Degree Programs

Our primary business is to assist universities in China in the establishment, operation and expansion of their online degree programs. We currently provide technical, recruiting and other services for the online degree programs of 27 universities and provide technology support services to eight additional universities that are currently awaiting regulatory approval to launch their online degree programs.These online degree programs had approximately 447,000 revenue students as of December 31, 201 3 . The online degree programs we currently service offer a wide range of associate and bachelor’s degree programs, including, but not limited to, accounting, marketing, finance, business administration, international business, law, civil engineering, education, computer science, literature, project management, marketing and administrative management. These online degree programs primarily target working adults who have sufficient economic means to support their studies and who value the flexibility of a self-paced online education. In 201 1 , 201 2 and 201 3 , we generated79.6% .80.5% and 80.0 %, respectively, of our net revenue from our online degree program services business.

Online degree programs in China must be approved by the MOE. At present, 67 universities in China have received approvals from the MOE to operate online degree programs, as well as the China Central Radio and TV University, which functions primarily as a distance learning facility. The China Central Radio and TV University delivers its courses to students primarily over satellite and television, and we believe it currently does not compete with the other 67 universities in the online degree program market. As of December 31, 201 3 , most of these 67 universities had registered students in their online degree programs. Students registered in online degree programs can pursue either associate degrees or bachelor’s degrees and must generally prepay tuition for a minimum number of credits upon initial enrollment, which can be applied to credits sought in subsequent semesters. The total number of credits required to graduate from an online degree program offered by these universities generally ranges from 80 credits for associate degrees to 160 credits for bachelor’s degrees. Tuition per credit ranges from approximately RMB60 to RMB210, and is subject to the review and approval of the pricing administration authority and filing with the relevant education authority.

Our network of brick and mortar learning centers assist universities with a number of functions that are vital to their online degree programs, including marketing, enrollment administration, student services and tuition collection. Learning centers also provide a location to offer academic review sessions and technical support to students. Having learning centers with an actual physical location is complementary to online distance learning, since they facilitate face-to-face tutorial sessions, student consultations and course material distribution. Learning centers also ensure the integrity of examinations. For example, entrance exams and final exams are conducted on site at the learning centers, allowing supervised testing to occur in controlled environments.

We believe that these learning centers will allow us to significantly enhance our brand recognition, increase access to potential students for online degree programs and enhance our profitability. We also are actively seeking to establish strategic relationships with universities that currently are not our online degree program customers to provide learning center services to their online degree programs.

Our Services

Through collaborative alliances and other revenue-sharing arrangements, we offer comprehensive services to our university partners, including academic program development, technology services, enrollment marketing, recruiting, student support services and finance operations, which entail accounting, treasury, financial analysis, accounts receivable and accounts payable services for online degree programs. We believe we are the only service provider in China that offers a comprehensive set of services to online universities that supports virtually all aspects of a student’s progression through an online degree program. Through these services, we enable our university partners to quickly establish an online degree program that offers a high level of service and to significantly expand or improve their business initiatives with minimal initial investment. Our strategic relationships with universities are based upon long-term contracts that generally vary in length from 15 to 50 years.

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Academic Program Development . The development of an academic program entails the design and development of instructional materials, multimedia learning materials and quality assurance processes. The overall development time for a single course can range from as little as three weeks to as long as four months, depending on the subject matter and complexity of the course materials. To date, we have developed approximately 2, 5 00 online courses for our university partners, all of which are proprietary to us or to our university collaborative alliances. As such, many of our existing courses can be used as a basis to develop similar courses when we add new university partners, thus enabling us to benefit from economies of scale.

Technology . Our technological capabilities consist of a series of proprietary systems and tools, including our Learning Management System, or LMS, which enables online degree programs to manage the entire student life cycle from application to graduation by providing system support to students and daily management processes to the university staff. We believe that our LMS is one of the most advanced management systems in the market. This system manages courseware, including multimedia lectures, assignments and quizzes, and provides management information tools to support course offerings. We also provide certain customers a learning content creation and management system, which enables the team working on courseware development to bring the courseware from the concept and design stage to production and implementation. Our technology also supports an interactive, community-based learning environment through chat rooms, online forums and bulletin board systems. We also provide and support all of the hardware and software requirements of our online degree university partners.

Enrollment Marketing . We support the student recruitment efforts of universities by developing and implementing online and offline marketing strategies and promotional events, as well as creating of collateral material to support these efforts. We further assist universities in identifying, retaining and supervising learning centers, including training learning center staff on executing our marketing programs. We constantly revise our marketing programs to maximize demand for our university partners’ programs. Our marketing programs strive to emphasize the unique characteristics of each university partner’s offerings.

Student Support Services . We employ significant resources in developing student support services for our university partners’ programs to assist students in completing their course work and improving student retention. Support services that we provide to students include online and offline tutorial resources, academic review sessions, student consultations and mock examinations. We also maintain a dedicated staff of student service counselors to address student inquiries.

Recruiting Services . We currently offer recruiting services through our learning center network, which consists of 1 43 learning centers, for 23 university partners, including six with which we have either established collaborative alliances or entered into technology service agreements. The learning centers perform a number of essential functions such as marketing, enrollment administration, student services and tuition collection.

Structure and Revenue Model

Our relationships with our university partners are structured as collaborative alliances, technology service arrangements and recruiting service agreements.

Collaborative Alliances . Our relationships with 13 of our university partners, including six universities seeking regulatory approval for their online degree programs, are structured as collaborative alliances. In our collaborative alliance structures, we establish a collaborative alliance with the university (or a commercial subsidiary of the university), which in turn provides services and support to the university’s online degree program. The collaborative alliances with our university partners have terms ranging from 15 to 50 years and are exclusive. We have a majority interest in each of these collaborative alliances and treat them as our consolidated subsidiaries. We are generally responsible for contributing part of the initial capital required for the establishment and startup of the collaborative alliances, which has historically ranged from approximately RMB0.8 million to approximately RMB20.1 million. Our university partner pays to the collaborative alliance a service fee equal to a portion of its tuition receipts from its online degree program, after deducting certain operating expenses, administrative fees paid by our university partners, including fees paid to learning centers, refunds paid to students and, in some cases, licensing or technical consulting fees paid to us.

Technology Service Agreements . We have also entered into technology service agreements with eight of our university partners, including five universities which are seeking regulatory approval for their online degree program. Pursuant to these agreements we provide technology services to support each respective university’s online degree program for a fixed period of time. We receive service fees equal to an agreed portion of tuition collected by the university from students in their online degree programs. The amount of service fee is based on a negotiated formula, which may factor in the program’s total enrollment or number of students registered from certain geographic territories. We recognize revenue from providing technology services when persuasive evidence of an agreement exists, delivery of the services has occurred, the fee is fixed or determinable, and collectability is probable.

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Recruiting Service Agreements . We have also entered into recruiting service agreements with 23university partners including six which we have established collaborative alliances or entered into technology service agreements. Pursuant to these agreements, we provide recruiting services and technology support through our network of learning centers for a period of time, generally ranging from two to five years. We receive service fees, which are subject to annual negotiations, equal to an agreed portion of the tuition collected by the learning centers on the universities’ behalf.

University Partners

The number of revenue students in the online degree programs we serve has grown rapidly, from approximately 192,000 revenue students as of the end of 2007 to approximately 447,000 revenue students at our 38 existing university partners as of the end of 201 3 . In 201 1 , 201 2 and 201 3 ,55.8% , 53.4% and 51.0 %, respectively, of our net revenue was derived from our services to our five largest online degree program customers. Our three largest customers, Chongqing University, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, Renmin University of China accounted for 15.7 %, 11.4 %, and 8.6 %, respectively, of our net revenue in 201 3 . Up to date, the numbers of our university partners are as follow:

Type of Structure	Number of University Partners		Contract term
Collaborative Alliances	13	(including 6 waiting for approval)	generally ranging from 15 to 50 years
Technology Service Agreements	8	(including 5 waiting for approval)	generally ranging from 3 to 20 years
Recruiting Service Agreements	23	(including 6 which we have established collaborative alliances or entered into technology service agreements)	generally ranging from 2 to 5 years
Total	38	(excluding 6 which we have established collaborative alliances or entered into technology service agreements)

The following map shows the location of our university partners:

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Sales and Marketing Strategy

The two main objectives of our sales and marketing strategy are to increase the number of university online degree programs utilizing our services and to help our university partners recruit and retain more online degree students.

We employ a business development team to establish new relationships with universities, including those with existing online programs and others interested in developing online programs. We are in continuous discussions with additional universities regarding their online programs .

A university’s relationship, as well as our relationship, with learning centers is essential to marketing online degree programs to students. Learning centers assist online programs with a number of vital functions, including recruitment, marketing and providing student services for such programs. To create a nationwide physical presence and to strengthen our sales network, we have assisted our university partners in developing relationships with approximately 604 learning centers, which cover most major cities in China. We provide learning centers student support training and assist in their recruiting efforts. The relationships between learning center operators and the universities are typically non-exclusive, and the majority of the learning centers are owned and operated by independent third parties.

In 2008, we established our learning center network, which currently consists of 143 learning centers. We believe that these learning centers will allow us to significantly enhance our brand recognition, increase access to potential students for online degree programs and enhance our profitability. We are also actively seeking to establish strategic relationships with potential online degree program customers.

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Competition

There are three main components of competition within the online degree program market: (i) competition among service providers to attract and retain additional university partners; (ii) competition among online degree programs to enroll students; and (iii) competition between our learning center network and other national learning center networks. We currently serve 27 out of the 67 universities that have been approved to offer online degree programs in China, and we have contracted with 11 additional universities that are awaiting regulatory approval to launch their programs. There are 40 other universities currently offering online degree programs that either independently run their programs or outsource services for their programs to other service providers. Several companies offer services that compete with our service offerings generally on a service-by-service basis. We compete with these companies primarily on the scope and quality of our service offerings, and to a lesser extent, price.

The online degree programs that we service must compete with other online programs, as well as with other education and training programs, for student enrollment. Student recruitment for online degree programs relies heavily on learning centers, which may have relationships with multiple universities and simultaneously recruit on behalf of multiple online degree programs. As a result, the online degree programs that we support may face considerable competition in recruiting students through learning centers.

Our nationwide learning center network faces competition with Open Online, which has nationwide learning center operator licenses, and China Cyber Learning, which has learning center operating licenses in Shandong and Guangdong provinces in China. Open Online is the largest learning center operator in China in terms of the total number of third-party learning centers and proprietary learning centers it currently owns and operates. Open Online may have greater resources, a broader network of learning centers and more university partner than we do.

Online Tutoring Programs

We provide online tutoring and test preparation services to primary and secondary school students in China through a separately branded program known as the “101 Distance Learning Center” or the “101 Online School”. Founded in 1996, the 101 Online School has developed a strong reputation as a valuable learning tool among students and teachers alike. The 101 Online School is a leading online tutoring education website in China for primary and secondary school students with approximately 1.7 million users as of December 31, 201 3 . The website for our 101 Online School is www.chinaedu.com .

As of December 31, 201 3 , the 101 Online School served approximately 33,400 revenue students. In 201 1 , 201 2 and 201 3 , we generated 5.9% , 5.2% and 5.7 %, respectively, of our net revenue from the 101 Online School through subscription fees paid by students for online tutoring services.

Using our proprietary e-learning platform, the 101 Online School provides interactive tutoring services to primary and secondary school students in virtually all offered academic subjects. Our online tutoring and test preparation services also assist secondary school students in preparing for key examinations administered in China, including the national college entrance examination. All of the tutoring and test preparation materials used by our 101 Online School are developed by qualified teachers and subject to review by our quality control staff. By providing tutoring and test preparation services online, the 101 Online School makes the tutoring and test preparation process more convenient and accessible for students, especially those with limited access to traditional tutoring or test preparation services. In addition, we continue to innovate new services designed to attract and retain students for our 101 Online School. In 2009, we began hiring a team to develop our 101 tutor question and answer product for students. Since then, our user traffic has grown dramatically, and up through December 31, 201 3 , the highest daily page view has reached approximately 1.3 million. The number of certified teachers who provide answers to inquiries posted on 101 Online School reached approximately 13,800 as of December 31, 201 3 . Most students were attracted to our platform through word of mouth and other promotions.

We currently market our 101 Online School through regional third-party distributors and our own sales centers in Beijing, Tianjin and other cities and provinces in China. Approximately 270 distributors located in major cities in China purchase bulk subscriptions to our 101 Online School and resell these subscriptions to students. Bulk subscription sales to distributors accounted for 53.3% , 59.4% and 43.3 % of our 101 Online School revenue in 201 1 , 201 2 and 201 3 , respectively.

Private Primary and Secondary Schools

The market for private primary and secondary schools in China is growing rapidly. We believe that private primary and secondary schools will play an increasingly important role in providing quality education in China, particularly to the children of the emerging middle class. Parents in China, as in the rest of the world, are continuously searching for the best educational solutions for their children. We believe the private primary and secondary school business represents a compelling business opportunity for us. Our primary and secondary schools generated 11.4% , 12.3% and 12.5 % of our net revenue in 201 1 , 201 2 and 201 3 , respectively.

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Anqing Foreign Language School

Through our PRC-affiliated entity, Hongcheng Education, we have operated the Anqing Foreign Language School, or the Anqing School, since 2005. The Anqing School is a K-12 private school, which is regarded as one of the leading schools in the market that it serves and is especially well known for its English language program and foreign English language teachers. We completed construction of a new campus in 2010, which approximately doubled the capacity of the school and enabled us to expand the breadth of courses offered. During the 2011-2012 academic year, the Anqing School had an enrollment of approximately 6,300 students , which increased to approximately 7,600 students during the 2012-2013 academic year. During the 201 3 -201 4 academic year, the Anqing School had an enrollment of approximately 9 , 1 00 students.

Pingdingshan Bilingual School

Through Hongcheng Education, we acquired all of the rights and interests in the Pingdingshan Bilingual School, or Pingdingshan School, in 2005. The Pingdingshan School is a K-9 private school in Pingdingshan, Henan province. The Pingdingshan School is regarded as one of the leading schools in its market. In 2009, we completed the construction of a new building and other facility improvements. During the 201 1 -201 2 , 201 2 -201 3 and 201 3 -201 4 academic years, the Pingdingshan School had an enrollment of approximately 2,800 , 3,000 and 3,100 students, respectively.

Jingzhou School (Southern Campus)

Through Hongcheng Education, we acquired the rights to construct a new private secondary school, Jingzhou School (Southern Campus), for students in grades 9 to 12 in Jingzhou, Hubei province in 2005. The Jingzhou School (Southern Campus) was intended to be established as a partnership with Jingzhou High School. We, our partner, Jingzhou High School, and a noncontrolling shareholder own 54.4%, 25.0% and 20.6% of the new school, respectively. Under the cooperation agreement between Hongcheng Education and Jingzhou High School, we undertook the construction of the new campus and Jingzhou High School would contribute its brand as well as management and teaching resources to the school. We initially planned to complete construction of the new campus by the fall 2006 recruiting season. We have, however, encountered delays that have increased construction costs. As a result, we cannot assure you that we will be able to begin construction in the near future, or at all. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—We may not be able to successfully execute future acquisitions or efficiently manage the businesses we have acquired to date or may acquire in the future.”

International and Elite Curriculum Programs

We distribute and support English language programs to secondary schools and international polytechnic programs to vocational schools in China. We provide all-inclusive services to support these programs, including program development and implementation, teacher recruitment and administration, and other ancillary services. We generate revenue based on the enrollment fees students pay to the participating schools with whom we have entered into revenue sharing arrangements, based either on a fixed fee per student or a percentage of the enrollment fee per student. To keep pace with the growing demand for high-end programs, we introduced U.S. college prep courses and K-12 Elite program at the end of 2010. In this new program, we assist students in preparation for university entrance exams and provide them with a more well-rounded education to make them more attractive to U.S. universities. For the 201 1 -201 2 , 201 2 -201 3 and 201 3 -201 4 academic years, respectively, approximately 1,800 , 1,700 and 1,600 students respectively were enrolled in the international and elite curriculum programs. In 201 1 , 201 2 and 201 3 , we generated 3.1% , 2.0% and 1.8 %, respectively, of our net revenue from international and elite curriculum services.

The BCIT Program . We entered into an exclusive agreement with BCIT, a leading polytechnic institute in Canada, in February 2006. Through this program, we provide services to BCIT in implementing international post-secondary education programs and market these programs to selected polytechnic colleges in China approved by BCIT from time to time, enabling these colleges to offer up-to-date courses across a wide variety of majors and subjects to their students. We are BCIT’s exclusive service provider in China for these selected polytechnic colleges until 2020. At present, we provide services to the BCIT programs of five polytechnic colleges approved by BCIT to offer these programs. The BCIT program provides a three-year associate degree program to high school graduates seeking international vocational education within a Chinese polytechnic college. Through participating colleges in China, the program offers courses across a wide variety of majors and subjects such as business, computing and information technology, manufacturing, electronics, construction, environment, transportation and health science, all developed by BCIT. The program is unique in that entry-level courses and related course materials are in Chinese, but instruction and course materials for more advanced courses are taught in English. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—Our international curriculum programs, which include our Polytechnic and English language programs, are heavily regulated, and our ability to conduct business in this area is highly dependent on regulatory policies and our compliance with these policies.”

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The FEC Program . In 2005, we acquired the right to serve as the exclusive service provider to the English language programs of the Western Institute of Technology at Taranki, or WITT, within China until September 2020. We refer to this program as the FEC program. In 2008, we mutually terminated our agreement with WITT due to ongoing regulatory challenges that have prevented many of our contracted schools from obtaining necessary regulatory re-approvals. Schools that have been receiving support from us under the FEC program, however, can continue to recruit students even after termination of our agreement with WITT if they choose, since all education related support is provided by us. However, we cannot assure you that any or all of the FEC contracted schools will continue to work with us in the future, and our partner schools may face additional challenges obtaining re-approvals for replacing WITT with other overseas education institutions with whom we may partner. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—Our international curriculum programs, which include our Polytechnic and English language programs, are heavily regulated, and our ability to conduct business in this area is highly dependent on regulatory policies and our compliance with these policies.”

Regulation

The PRC government regulates the education services industry and the provision of Internet content. This section summarizes the principal PRC regulations relating to our businesses.

We operate our business in China under a legal framework that consists of the State Council, which is the highest executive authority of the Chinese central government, and several ministries and agencies under its authority, including the Ministry of Education, or MOE, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, the General Administration of Press and Publication, or GAPP, the Ministry of Information Industry, or MII, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, or SAIC, the Ministry of Civil Affairs, or MCA, and their respective authorized local counterparts.

Regulations on Online Education

Pursuant to the Administrative Regulations on Educational Websites and Online and Distance Education Schools , issued by the MOE in 2000, educational websites and online education schools may provide educational services in relation to higher education, elementary education, pre-school education, teacher education, occupational education, adult education, other education and public educational information services. “Educational websites” refer to organizations providing education or education-related information services to website visitors by means of a database or online education platform connected via the Internet or an educational television station. “Online education schools” refers to education websites that issue educational certificates in connection with their provision of academic education services or training services.

On June 29, 2004, the State Council issued the Decision on Setting Down Administrative Licenses for the Administrative Examination and Approval Items Really Necessary to be Retained , which provides that an administrative license is required for “online education schools” that provide degree education to students, but not for “educational websites” that do not provide degree education to students.

The MOE issued Certain Opinions on the Pilot Program of Supporting Certain Higher Education Institutions to Establish Online Education Colleges to Develop Modern Long-Distance Education in 2000 and Certain Opinions regarding the Enhancement of the Administration of Higher Education Institution Online Education Colleges and the Improvement of Education Quality in 2002 to regulate online higher education. On February 1, 2010, the MOE issued a Circular on the Student Enrollment of Online Degree Education by the Pilot Universities which are Permitted to Operate Online Degree Education , or the 2010 circular, to regulate the recruitment of online degree students. The 2010 circular prohibits universities from recruiting existing full-time students and instructs schools offering online degrees to recruit only working adults for their programs. The 2010 circular also required universities to tighten their admission criteria for their online programs and to improve the quality of their recruiting materials. As of December 31, 2012, 67 universities and colleges had been approved by the MOE to operate online education programs as part of the MOE pilot program. 27 of the universities to which we currently provide, or have entered into agreements to provide, online degree program services are included within the pilot program. Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing Forestry University, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Jiangxi Normal University, Jiangsu University, Zhejiang Normal University, Shanghai Normal University, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Hebei United University, Hebei Medical University and Taizhou Polytechnic College, the 11 other universities that we serve, are not in the pilot program and are currently in the process of applying for the MOE approval to offer online degrees.

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To regulate the learning centers that provide services to online degree programs, the MOE issued the Principles on the Establishment and Administration of Modern Distance Education Off-campus Learning Center (Pilot) , in January 2002, and, in March 2003, promulgated the Interim Provisions on Administration of Modern Distance Education Off-campus Learning Center . According to these two regulations, learning centers are not authorized to independently carry out activities such as recruiting students, teaching and issuing degrees for modern distance education, all of which must be done in conjunction with the universities offering the degrees. These regulations also require learning centers not to pursue business that is irrelevant to online education services. Each learning center is required to be associated with at least one educational institution or other entity approved by the MOE to provide online education services, and can only provide logistics services for recruitment and examination administration to educational institutions.

Each learning center and the educational institution with which it is associated must jointly apply to the education authorities for approval before the learning center can provide services to any online education program. Additional approvals are required for a learning center if it intends to provide support services to additional educational institutions. The education authorities have the authority to supervise, inspect and evaluate the learning centers from time to time. A learning center’s approvals may be withdrawn by the education authorities if during a periodic inspection they determine that the learning center is unqualified to continue operations.

In February 2007, we received provisional approval from the MOE to operate ten learning centers in the provinces of Beijing, Shanghai, and Jiangsu and Zhejiang for a trial period of up to 18 months. To date, we have established 1 43 learning centers, of which 66 are proprietary centers and 77 are contracted centers to support the services that we provide for online degree programs. The MOE has not yet issued to us a final approval to operate learning centers on a nationwide basis in China based on the performance and operations of our learning centers during the trial period.

Regulations on Operating Private Schools

The principal regulations governing private education in China consist of the Education Law of China , The Law for Promoting Private Education (2003), The Implementation Rules for the Law for Promoting Private Education (2004) and the Regulations on Chinese-Foreign Cooperation in Operating Schools . These regulations are summarized below.

Education Law of China

The Education Law of China , or the Education Law , was enacted on March 18, 1995. The Education Law sets forth provisions relating to the fundamental education systems of China, including a system of pre-school education, primary education, secondary education and higher education, a system of nine-year compulsory education and a system of education certificates. The Education Law requires the government to formulate plans for the development of education and the establishment and operation of schools and other education institutions. In principle, enterprises, social organizations and individuals are encouraged to operate schools and other types of educational organizations in accordance with PRC laws and regulations. Nevertheless, no school or any other educational institution may be established for profit-making purposes. However, private schools may be operated for “reasonable returns,” as described in more detail below.

The Law for Promoting Private Education (2003) and The Implementation Rules for the Law for Promoting Private Education (2004)

The Law for Promoting Private Education (2003) became effective on September 1, 2003, and its implementing regulations, The Implementation Rules for the Law for Promoting Private Education (2004) , became effective on April 1, 2004. Under these regulations, “private schools” are defined as schools established by individuals or private social organizations using private funds. Private schools providing degree education, pre-school education, self-study education and other academic education programs are subject to approval by the education authorities, while private schools engaging in occupational qualification training and occupational skill training are subject to approvals from the authorities in charge of labor and social welfare. An approved private school will be granted an operating permit, and it must be registered with the Ministry of Civil Affairs, or the MCA, or its local counterpart as a privately run non-enterprise legal person. Our private primary and secondary schools that are in operation, the Anqing School and the Pingdingshan School, have obtained operating permits and have been registered with the relevant local office of the MCA.

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The operation of private schools is highly regulated. For example, the types and amounts of fees charged by private schools offering certifications must be approved by the relevant governmental authority and be publicly disclosed, and the types and amounts of fees charged by private schools that do not offer certifications need only be filed with the relevant governmental authority and be publicly disclosed. Our Anqing School and Pingdingshan School currently offer certifications to students.

Private education is treated as a public welfare undertaking under the regulations. Nonetheless, investors in a private school may elect to require “reasonable returns” from the schools or not, and they are requested to clearly set forth their election in the articles of association of the school. For schools requiring “reasonable returns”, the amount of reasonable return that can be distributed to investors each year is determined based on a percentage of the school’s “operating surplus,” which is equal to the school’s annual net income less the aggregate amount of donations received, government subsidies, if any, the amount required to be reserved for the school’s development fund and other expenses as required by the regulations. This percentage is determined by the school’s board of directors, which must also be filed with the approval authorities within 15 days from the decision made by the board. However, none of the current PRC laws and regulations provides a formula or other guidelines for determining “reasonable returns.” As for the school not requiring “reasonable returns”, all the assets including but not limited to the operating surplus, donations received, government subsidies shall belong to the school and such school is entitled to the same preferential tax treatment as public schools. The regulations require that preferential tax treatment policies applicable to private schools requiring reasonable returns to be formulated by the finance authority, taxation authority and other authorities under the State Council, but to date no such regulations have been promulgated by the relevant authorities. Pingdingshan School is a school that does not require “reasonable returns”, and Anqing School was established as a school requiring “reasonable returns” but has been changed to a school that does not require “reasonable returns”.

Regulations on Chinese-Foreign Cooperation in Operating Schools

Chinese-foreign cooperation in the operation of schools and training programs is governed by the Regulations on Operating Chinese-Foreign Schools , issued by the State Council in 2003 in accordance with the Education Law , the Occupational Education Law and the Law for Promoting Private Education .

The Regulations on Operating Chinese-Foreign Schools and its implementing regulations, the Implementing Rules for the Regulations on Operating Chinese-Foreign Schools , or the Implementing Rules , which were issued by the MOE in 2004, encourage substantive cooperation between overseas educational organizations, which are required to have relevant qualifications and experience in providing high-quality education, and Chinese educational organizations to jointly operate various types of schools in China.

Permits for Chinese-foreign cooperation in operating schools must be obtained from the relevant education authorities or the authorities that regulate labor and social welfare in China. Since all of our private primary and secondary schools are operated by our PRC-affiliated entity and not by us, we believe that we are not required to apply for these permits.

Additionally, the Regulations on Operating Chinese-Foreign Schools and its Implementing Rules require that the foreign party to Chinese-foreign cooperative educational institutions or programs be a “foreign educational institution,” and under those regulations, a for-profit company, such as us, cannot qualify as a foreign educational institution. As a result, we cannot directly operate FEC or BCIT programs, and instead we are a service provider to these programs.

In August 2004, the MOE promulgated the Announcement Regarding Re-Approval of Chinese-foreign Cooperative Educational Institutions and Programs , which requires Chinese-foreign cooperative educational institutions and programs that were established before July 1, 2004 (the effective date for the Implementing Rules ) to obtain re-approval from the MOE. Since not all of our contracted schools have obtained re-approval from the MOE, as a result, in 2008 we mutually terminated our agreement with WITT.

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In April 2007, the MOE issued the Circular on Further Regulating Chinese-foreign Cooperative Education Programs. The circular directs the local education authorities generally to suspend the approval of any new Chinese-foreign cooperative polytechnic education programs until the end of 2008. To ensure the quality of the Chinese-foreign education programs, the circular emphasizes the regulatory supervision of these programs and advises local education authorities to closely supervise and monitor the existing programs, especially in recruiting materials, advertisement, and issuance of degrees and diplomas, and directs them to report and remedy any non-compliance by existing programs of the applicable regulations. As a result of this circular, our BCIT program has not been able to contract new schools for the program. Although the circular only discusses the suspension of approvals through the end of 2008, we cannot assure you that our BCIT program will be able to contract new schools during 2013, or at any time after that.

Regulations on Internet Information Services

Following the State Council’s issuance of the Telecom Regulations and the Internet Information Services Administrative Measures , or the Internet Information Measures , on September 25, 2000, the MII and other regulatory authorities have issued a number of Internet-related regulations, including the Internet Electronic Bulletin Board Service Administrative Measures , or the BBS Measures .

The Internet Information Measures require that commercial ICPs must either obtain a license for Internet information services, or an ICP license, from, or make an ICP filing with, the appropriate telecommunications authorities to carry on any commercial Internet information services in China. Generally, an ICP license is required to provide Internet information services for profit-making purposes, whereas only an ICP filing is required to provide Internet information services on a non-profit basis. The telecommunications authorities generally consider that the online degree programs established by universities are not for profit-making purposes, and the universities are only required to make an ICP filing, rather than obtain an ICP license, for their online degree programs. The telecommunications authorities could, however, require the universities to obtain ICP licenses in the future. In addition, some of our university partners for online degree programs have not made the required filing with the telecommunications authorities. If our university partners fail to make an ICP filing, or obtain an ICP license (if required), their online degree programs may be sanctioned or suspended.

The 101 Online School, a profit-making business, is required to obtain an ICP license. Gotop Electronic, a subsidiary of Xiandai Technology, holds the ICP license for our 101 Online School. Before we acquired Gotop Electronic, it had already obtained an ICP license. Following our initial acquisition of Gotop Electronic, a subsidiary of our affiliate entity, Xiandai Technology, directly held an 80% equity interest of Gotop Electronic. Although approvals of the MII, the MOE and the MOC were required for this transaction, we did not apply for or obtain these approvals. Subsequent to the acquisition, we have transferred our equity interests in Gotop Electronic to our Chinese affiliated entity. In addition, at the time when Gotop Electronic was approved by relevant Chinese authorities to engage in the ICP business, its registered capital did not meet the minimum requirement specified under Chinese law for ICP license holders. We have subsequently increased the registered capital of Gotop Electronic to satisfy this requirement. As a result, we believe that any regulatory issues relating to our interest in Gotop Electronic have been resolved.

Under the Internet Information Measures , Internet information service providers are prohibited from producing, copying, publishing or distributing information that insults or slanders a third party or that infringes the lawful rights and interests of others. Depending on the nature of a violation, ICPs that violate this provision may face criminal charges or be sanctioned by security authorities. In addition, they may be ordered to temporarily suspend their service, or their licenses may be revoked.

The BBS Measures provide that ICPs engaged in providing online bulletin board services, or BBS, must comply with a special approval process and make a specific filing with the relevant telecommunications industry authorities. ICPs that provide electronic messaging services must not disclose user personal information to any third party without the consent of the user, unless the law otherwise requires that the data be disclosed. The regulations authorize the relevant telecommunications authorities to require ICPs to rectify any unauthorized disclosure. ICPs could be liable if unauthorized disclosure causes damages or losses to users. The PRC government can require ICPs to provide the government with Internet users’ personal information if the users post any prohibited content or engage in illegal activities on the Internet. Our 101 Online School provides BBS or similar services. Gotop Electronic, the ICP license holder and website operator of our 101 Online School, has obtained the BBS license, and such license was renewed on September 8, 2011 and will be valid for 5 years beginning in September 2011 and is subject to annual inspection.

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In July 2006, the MII issued the Notice on Strengthening Management of Foreign Investment in Operating Value-Added Telecom Services . The notice prohibits Chinese ICPs engaged in providing value-added telecom services from leasing, transferring or selling their ICP licenses or providing facilities or other resources to illegal foreign investors. The notice requires Chinese ICPs to directly own the trademarks and domain names for the websites they operate, as well as servers and other infrastructure used to support these websites. The notice also requires Chinese ICPs to evaluate their compliance with the notice by November 1, 2006 and correct any non-compliance. A Chinese ICP’s failure to complete the procedures by November 1, 2006 could be the basis for revocation of its ICP license.

We operate www.chinaedu.com , the operating website for our 101 Online School, through Gotop Electronic, a subsidiary of Xiandai Technology, a subsidiary of our PRC-affiliated entity. Gotop Electronic holds the ICP license for this website. The ICP license was renewed in 2011 and will be valid for five years and is subject to annual inspection. Gotop Electronic passed the annual inspection in 2013. We operate our corporate websites, www.chinaedu.net and www.prcedu.com , through Xiandai Technology, which holds the ICP license for these websites. The ICP was renewed in 2011 and will be valid for three and half years beginning in May 2011 which is subject to annual inspection. Xiandai Technology passed the annual inspection in 2013.

Regulations on Online Publications

The General Administration of Press and Publication of People’s Republic of China, or GAPP, and the MII jointly promulgated the Tentative Internet Publishing Administrative Measures, or the Internet Publishing Measures , which took effect on August 1, 2002. The Internet Publishing Measures require Internet publishers to obtain approval from the GAPP. The term “Internet publishing” is defined in these regulations as online dissemination through which Internet information service providers select, edit and process works created by themselves or others (including content from books, newspapers, periodicals, audio and video products, electronic publications, and other sources that have already been formally published or works that have been made public in other media) and subsequently post this content on the Internet or transmit it to users over the Internet for browsing, use or downloading by the public.

Gotop Electronic, a subsidiary of Xiandai Technology, that operates our 101 Online School, received verbal confirmation from the GAPP that the online content services that it provides do not fall within the scope of “Internet publishing” that would require approval or a license from GAPP. Obtaining an online publication license requires compliance with certain conditions, including having five or more qualified editors, which Gotop Electronic cannot satisfy. However, because there is no further official or publicly-available interpretation of “Internet publishing,” we cannot assure you that Gotop Electronic will not require an online publication license in the future.

Regulations on Internet Culture Activities

The Ministry of Culture of China promulgated the Internet Culture Administration Tentative Measures, or the Internet Culture Measures , on May 10, 2003. These measures became effective on July 1, 2003 and were amended on July 1, 2004. The Internet Culture Measures require ICPs engaging in Internet culture activities to obtain an Internet culture business operations license from the Ministry of Culture in accordance with the Internet Culture Measures . As defined under the Internet Culture Measures , the term “Internet culture activities” includes, among other things, acts of online dissemination of Internet cultural products, such as audio-visual products, games, performances of plays or programs, works of art and cartoons, and the production, reproduction, importation, sale (wholesale or retail), leasing and broadcasting of Internet cultural products.

Gotop Electronic, a subsidiary of our PRC-affiliated entity that operates our 101 Online School, is engaged in the distribution of certain audio-visual products through the Internet. Gotop Electronic received verbal confirmation from the Ministry of Culture that its products do not fall within the definition of “Internet culture products” and its operations do not fall within the definition of “Internet culture activities” as defined under the Internet Culture Measures . Accordingly, Gotop Electronic is not required to obtain an Internet culture business operations license. However, because there is no further official or publicly-available interpretation of these definitions, we cannot assure you that Gotop Electronic will not need an Internet culture business operations license in the future.

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Regulations Relating to Information Security

On December 28, 2000, the National People’s Congress enacted the Decisions Regarding Maintaining Internet Security , which prohibits any use of the Internet that results in a breach of public security, dissemination of socially destabilizing content or divulgence of state secrets. The conduct prohibited is broadly defined under the decisions.

According to other relevant regulations, ICPs must complete mandatory security filing procedures with local public security authorities and must also report any public dissemination of prohibited content. According to the Interim Measures for the Administration of Filings for Commercial Web Sites promulgated by the Beijing Administration of Industry and Commerce, or the Beijing AIC, and other related regulations, we must file and register our websites with Beijing AIC and obtain electronic registration marks. We have filed and registered our websites, www.chinaedu.com , www.chinaedu.net and www.prcedu.com with Beijing AIC and obtained electronic registration marks.

Regulations on Broadcasting Audio-Video Programs through the Internet or Other Information Network

The State Administration of Radio, Film and Television, or SARFT, and MII promulgated the Rules for Administration of Internet Video-Audio Programs Service , or the Video-Audio Programs Rules , which became effective on January 31, 2008. The Video-Audio Programs Rules apply to the activities of broadcasting, integration, transmission, downloading of audio-video programs with computers, televisions or mobile phones as the main terminals and through various types of information networks. Pursuant to the Video-Audio Programs Rules , a permit for broadcasting audio-video programs through an information network is required to engage in these Internet broadcasting activities. On April 13, 2005, the State Council announced a policy on private investments in businesses in China that relate to cultural matters, which prohibits private investments in businesses relating to the dissemination of audio-video programs through information networks. As these regulations are relatively new, there are significant uncertainties relating to their interpretation and implementation, including the definition of “audio-video programs” as specified in these regulations. Gotop Electronic, a subsidiary of our Chinese affiliated entity engaging in online tutoring services, does not now possess a permit for broadcasting audio-video programs, and we cannot assure you that it will not be required to obtain one in the future.

Regulations on Protection of the Right of Dissemination through Information Networks

On May 18, 2006, the State Council issued the Regulations on Protection of the Right of Dissemination through Information Networks , and they became effective on July 1, 2006. These regulations require that every organization or individual who disseminates a third party’s work, performance, audio or visual recording products to the public through an information network must obtain permission from, and pay compensation to, the copyright owner of these products, unless otherwise provided under relevant laws and regulations. The copyright owner may take technical measures to protect his or her right of dissemination through information networks and any organization or individual may not intentionally evade, destroy or otherwise assist others in evading these protective measures unless permissible under law. These regulations also provide that in the event of limited dissemination to teaching or research staff for the purpose of school teaching or scientific research permission from the copyright owner does not need to be obtained nor is the copyright owner entitled to compensation for the limited use of these products.

We own the copyrights to all of the educational materials of our 101 Online School, and the copyrights to all of the online courses for our university partners’ online degree programs are either owned by us or by collaborative alliances with the university partners. However, users of our BBS for our 101 Online School may post copyrighted materials from time to time, without our prior knowledge. We actively monitor the contents posted on our BBS and will remove any materials that we believe may infringe the copyrights of third parties.

Regulations on Copyright and Trademark Protection

China has adopted legislation governing intellectual property rights, including copyrights and trademarks. China is a signatory to the main international conventions on intellectual property rights and became a member of the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights , or TRIPS , upon its accession to the World Trade Organization in December 2001.

Copyright . The Chinese Copyright Law adopted in 1990 and amended in 2010 covers a relatively wide scope of works and rights that are eligible for copyright protection including but not limited to Internet activities, products disseminated over the Internet and software products. In addition, there is a voluntary registration system administered by the China Copyright Protection Center.

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To address the problem of copyright infringement related to content posted or transmitted over the Internet, the National Copyright Administration and the MII also jointly issued the Administrative Measures for Copyright Protection Related to the Internet on April 30, 2005, which became effective on May 30, 2005.

We own the copyrights to all of the educational materials of our 101 Online School, and the copyrights to all of the online courses for our university partners’ programs are either owned by us or by our university collaborative alliances.

Trademark. The Chinese Trademark Law , adopted in 1982 and revised in 2001, protects the proprietary rights to registered trademarks. The Trademark Office, which is under the SAIC, handles trademark registrations and grants a ten-year term to registered trademarks, subject to renewal for another ten years. Trademark license agreements must be filed with the Trademark Office for record. We have registered nine trademarks with the Trademark Office and are in the process of registering additional marks. In addition, if a registered trademark is recognized as a well-known trademark, the proprietary right of the trademark holder may be extended beyond the registered sphere of products and services of the trademark.

On November 5, 2004, the MII amended the Measures for Administration of Domain Names for the Chinese Internet , or the Domain Name Measures . The Domain Name Measures regulate the registration of domain names, such as the first tier domain name “.cn.” In February 2006, China Internet Network Information Center, or CNNIC, issued the Implementing Rules for Domain Name Registration and the Measures on Domain Name Disputes Resolution , pursuant to which CNNIC can authorize a domain name dispute resolution institution to decide disputes. We have registered the domain names for our main websites, www.chinaedu.net , www.chinaedu.com and www.prcedu.com, with CNNIC. We are also the registered owner of several other domain names such as www.prc-edu.com, www.ecustmde.com, www.edufe.com.cn, www.edufe.net.cn, www.cmjnu.com.cn, www.cmr.com.cn, www.ruc.com.cn, and www.cmr.net.cn . We license certain of our domain names to some of our university partners for them to operate their online degree programs, and some of our university partners are the registered owners of the domain names under which their programs operate.

Limitations on Foreign Ownership of Our Businesses

The Foreign Investment Industry Guidance Catalogue (amended in 2011), the Regulations on Chinese-Foreign Cooperation in Operating School, the Implementation Measures for the Regulations on Sino-Foreign Cooperation in Operating Schools and other applicable laws and regulations limit foreign ownership in entities, or foreign participation in entities, engaging in specified education activities by:

· requiring that the foreign party in any Chinese-foreign cooperation in operating schools be a qualified foreign educational institution;

· requiring regulatory approval for any Chinese-foreign cooperation in operating schools;

· prohibiting foreign investment in schools providing compulsory education (that is, the first grade through the ninth grade, or primary school and junior high school education); and

· restricting foreign investment in educational websites.

Moreover, from a practical perspective, the MOE will not approve any foreign investment or participation in online degree education.

Our corporate structure is designed to comply with current regulatory limitations on foreign ownership and participation while engaging in our core business activities. For details, see “—C. Organizational Structure.”

Compliance with Chinese Regulations on the Education Services Industry, Publishing, Internet Activities and Copyrights and Trademarks

We believe that, except for the online publication license, the Internet culture business operations license and the license for broadcasting audio-video programs through the Internet discussed above, no consent, approval or license other than those already obtained by our Chinese subsidiaries and affiliate is required under any of the existing laws and regulations of China for our business and operations.

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Regulation of Foreign Currency Exchange, Dividend Distribution, overseas investment of Chinese resident and employee stock option

Foreign currency exchange

The principal regulations governing foreign currency exchange in China are the Foreign Currency Administration Regulations (1996), as amended. Under these regulations, the Renminbi is convertible for current account items, including the distribution of dividends, interest payments, trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions. Conversion of the Renminbi for capital account items, such as direct investment, loans, repatriation of investment and investment in securities outside China, however, is still subject to SAFE approval.

Dividends paid by a subsidiary to its shareholder are deemed income of the shareholder and are taxable in China. Pursuant to the Administration Rules of the Settlement, Sale and Payment of Foreign Exchange (1996), foreign-invested enterprises in China may purchase or remit foreign exchange, subject to a cap approved by the SAFE, for settlement of current account transactions without the approval of the SAFE. Foreign exchange transactions under the capital account are still subject to limitations and require approvals from, or registration with, the SAFE and other relevant Chinese governmental authorities.

Pursuant to a SAFE Circular No. 142 issued by SAFE in August 2008, the RMB fund from the settlement of foreign currency capital of a foreign-invested enterprise must be used within the business scope as approved by the examination and approval department of the government, and cannot be used for domestic equity investment unless it is otherwise provided for. Documents certifying the purposes of the RMB fund from the settlement of foreign currency capital, including a business contract, must also be submitted for the settlement of the foreign currency. In addition, SAFE strengthened its oversight of the flow and use of the RMB capital converted from foreign currency registered capital of a foreign-invested company. The use of such RMB capital may not be altered without SAFE’s approval, and such RMB capital may not in any case be used to repay RMB loans if the proceeds of the loans have not been used. Furthermore, in November 2010 SAFE promulgated a SAFE Circular No. 59, which requires the authenticity of settlement of net proceeds from offshore offerings to be closely examined and the net proceeds to be settled in the manner described in the offering documents. Violations of SAFE Circular No. 142 and Circular No. 59 could result in severe monetary or other penalties.

Dividend distribution

The principal regulations governing distribution of dividends of foreign holding companies include the Foreign Investment Enterprise Law (1986), as amended, and the Administrative Rules under the Foreign Investment Enterprise Law (2001). Under these regulations, foreign investment enterprises, or FIEs, in China may pay dividends only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. In addition, FIEs in China are required to allocate at least 10% of their accumulated profits each year, if any, to fund certain reserve funds unless these reserves have reached 50% of the registered capital of the enterprises. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. Our Chinese subsidiaries, which are all FIEs, are restricted from distributing any dividends to us until they have met the requirements set out in these regulations.

Under PRC tax laws in effect prior to January 1, 2008, dividends paid to foreign investors by foreign-invested enterprises, such as dividends paid to overseas holding companies by PRC subsidiaries, were exempt from PRC withholding tax. Under the EIT Law and its implementation rules which became effective on January 1, 2008, dividends declared on earnings generated after January 1, 2008 and payable by a foreign-invested enterprise in China to its foreign investors who are non-resident enterprises are subject to a 10% withholding tax, unless any such foreign investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding arrangement. The Cayman Islands, where the Company is incorporated, does not have a tax treaty with China.

Overseas investment of Chinese residents and employee stock options

The SAFE issued The Notice on Issues Relating to the Administration of Foreign Exchange in Fund-Raising and Reverse Investment Activities of Domestic Residents Conducted via Offshore Special Purpose Companies in October 2005, which became effective in November 2005, and an implementing rule in May 2007, collectively the SAFE Rules. According to the SAFE Rules, PRC residents, including both legal persons and natural persons and PRC citizens and foreign citizens who reside in China, are required to register with the SAFE or its local branch before establishing or controlling any company outside China, referred to in the SAFE rules as an “offshore special purpose company,” for the purpose of financing that offshore company with their ownership interests in the assets of or their interests in any PRC enterprise. In addition, a PRC resident that is a shareholder of an offshore special purpose company is required to amend its SAFE registration with the local SAFE branch with respect to that offshore special purpose company in connection with the injection of equity interests or assets of a PRC enterprise in the offshore company or overseas fund raising by the offshore company, or any other material change in the capital of the offshore company, including any increase or decrease of capital, transfer or swap of share, merger, division, long-term equity or debt investment or creation of any security interest. The SAFE Rules apply retroactively. As a result, PRC residents who have established or acquired control of offshore companies that have made onshore investments in China in the past were required to complete the relevant registration procedures with the competent local SAFE branch. If any resident of China failed to file its SAFE registration for an existing offshore entity, any dividends remitted by the onshore entity to its overseas parent since April 21, 2005 will be considered to be an evasion of foreign exchange purchase rules, and the payment of the dividend will be illegal. As a result of any illegal action of this type, both the onshore entity and its actual controlling person(s) can be fined. In addition, failure to comply with the registration procedures may result in restrictions on the relevant onshore entity, including prohibitions on the payment of dividends and other distributions to its offshore parent or affiliate and capital inflow from the offshore entity. PRC resident shareholders of the offshore entity may also be subject to penalties under PRC foreign exchange administration regulations.

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We have asked our shareholders and beneficial owners who are PRC residents to make the necessary applications and filings as required under Notice 75 and other related rules. However, due to uncertainty concerning the reconciliation of Notice 75 with other approval or registration requirements, it remains unclear how Notice 75, and any future legislation concerning offshore or cross-border transactions, will be interpreted, amended and implemented by the relevant government authorities. We will attempt to comply, and attempt to ensure that our shareholders and beneficial owners who are subject to these rules comply, with the relevant requirements. However, we cannot provide any assurances that all of our shareholders and beneficial owners who are Chinese residents will comply with our request to make or obtain any applicable registrations or comply with other requirements required by Notice 75 or other related rules. In addition, certain of the holders of options to purchase our ordinary shares are PRC residents. We have been advised that it is unclear under the SAFE Rules whether these option holders would be deemed to be beneficial owners of our company for the purposes of these rules as a result of holding these options. The failure or inability of our PRC resident shareholders or beneficial owners to register with the SAFE in a timely manner pursuant to the SAFE Rules, or the failure or inability of any future PRC resident shareholders or beneficial owners to make any required SAFE registration or comply with other requirements under the SAFE Rules may subject these shareholders or beneficial owners to fines or other sanctions and may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital into or provide loans to our PRC subsidiaries, limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends to us, repay shareholder loans or otherwise distribute profits or proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to us, or otherwise adversely affect us.

On February 20, 2012, SAFE promulgated the Notice on Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Employee Stock Option Plan of Overseas Listed Company , or the New Stock Option Rule, which replaced the Application Procedure of Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Employee Stock Option Holding Plan or Stock Option Plan of Overseas Listed Company , or the Formal Stock Option Rule . The purpose of the New Stock Option Rule is to regulate foreign exchange administration of PRC citizens who participate in stock option plans of offshore listed companies. According to the New Stock Option Rule , if a PRC citizen participates in any employee stock holding plan or stock option plan of an offshore listed company, a PRC domestic agent or the PRC subsidiary of the offshore listed company is required to file, on behalf of the individual, an application with the SAFE to obtain approval for an annual allowance with respect to the purchase of foreign exchange in connection with stock holding or stock option exercises. This restriction exists because a PRC citizen may not directly use offshore funds to purchase stock or exercise stock options. Concurrent with the filing of the required application with the SAFE, the PRC domestic agent or the PRC subsidiary must obtain approval from the SAFE to open a special foreign exchange account at a PRC domestic bank to hold the funds required in connection with the stock purchase or option exercise, any returned principal profits upon sales of stock, any dividends issued on the stock and any other income or expenditures approved by the SAFE.

All proceeds obtained by a PRC citizen from dividends acquired from the offshore listed company through stock option plans, or sales of the offshore listed company’s stock acquired through other methods, must be remitted back to China after relevant offshore expenses are deducted. The foreign exchange proceeds from these sales can be converted into Renminbi or transferred to the individuals’ foreign exchange savings account after the proceeds have been remitted back to the special foreign exchange account opened at a PRC bank. If stock options are exercised in a cashless exercise, the PRC individuals exercising them are required to remit the proceeds to the special foreign exchange account. Although the New Stock Option Rule was promulgated recently and many issues require further interpretation, there is no material change compared to the Formal Stock Plan Rule except for some additional forms need to be filed. We and our PRC employees who have been granted stock options have been subject to the Formal Stock Option Rule when our company became an offshore listed company, and we or our PRC employee will adjust our application procedures according to the new rule. If we or our PRC employees fail to comply with the Stock Option Rule , we and/or our PRC employees may face sanctions imposed by foreign exchange authority or any other PRC government authorities.

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C. Organizational Structure

Overview

We were incorporated as an exempted company in the Cayman Islands with limited liability in 1999. We are a holding company, and we conduct our business primarily through our subsidiaries and PRC-affiliated entity incorporated in China. PRC laws and regulations limit the ability of foreign-owned entities to participate in the education and telecommunication sectors in China. Our corporate structure is designed to comply with current PRC limitations on foreign ownership of, and participation in, companies operating in the education and telecommunication sectors in China. For a discussion of these restrictions see “—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Limitations on Foreign Ownership of Our Businesses” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to China’s Regulation of the Education and Telecommunication Sectors and Our Corporate Structure.”

Our Corporate Structure and Contractual Arrangements

Our primary business is to provide services to the online degree programs of leading Chinese universities. We conduct this business through our three PRC subsidiaries, except for three online degree programs that are serviced through our PRC-affiliated entity. Due to restrictions on the foreign ownership and operation of our online tutoring business and our private primary and secondary school business, we conduct these businesses through arrangements with our PRC-affiliated entity or variable-interest entity. We direct these companies’ business affairs and receive substantially all of their net income through our contractual arrangements. We also conduct our international and elite curriculum program business through one of our three PRC subsidiaries. In 201 3 , 78.4 % of our net revenue was derived from businesses conducted by our three principal PRC subsidiaries.

Our principal subsidiaries in China currently are:

· Beijing Hongcheng Liye Technology Co., Ltd., or Hongcheng Liye, our wholly-owned subsidiary, which has established collaborative alliances with five Chinese universities to provide services to these universities for the establishment, operation, and expansion of their online degree programs. These collaborative alliances are majority-owned subsidiaries of Hongcheng Liye. Hongcheng Liye’s collaborative alliance partners for online degree programs are Beijing Language and Culture University, China Agricultural University, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, Central University of Finance and Economics and Beijing Forestry University. Hongcheng Liye also provides our learning-based products and services, which include our English language training, online tutoring services and post-secondary vocational educational programs. Hongcheng Liye also provides technology services to Hebei United University for their distance education learning programs. Our service revenue from Hongcheng Liye in aggregate accounted for 38.0 % of our net revenue in 201 3 .

· Hongcheng Technology Development Co., Ltd., or Hongcheng Technology, our wholly-owned subsidiary, which has established six collaborative alliances with Chongqing University, Shanghai University of Finance & Economics, Zhejiang Normal University, Shanghai Normal University, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, and Fujian Radio and TV University, or FRTU, to provide services for the establishment, operation, and expansion of these universities’ online degree programs. Hongcheng Technology also provides services to six other universities, Jiangnan University, Nanjing University, Jiangxi Normal University, Huazhong Normal University, Hebei Medical University and Taizhou Polytechnic College for their online degree programs. Our service revenue from Hongcheng Technology in aggregate accounted for 31.7 % of our net revenue in 201 3 .

· CMR Web Learning Co., Ltd., or CMR Web, our 70%-owned subsidiary, which established a collaborative alliance with Renmin University of China to provide services to Renmin University of China for the operation of its online degree program. The remaining 30% of CMR Web is owned by Rendashiji Technology Development Co., Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Renmin University of China. Our service revenue from Renmin University of China accounted for 8.7 % of our net revenue in 201 3 .

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Our current PRC-affiliated entity or variable-interest entity is Beijing Hongcheng Education Technology Co., Ltd., or Hongcheng Education, through which we own and operate two private primary and secondary schools and provide services to Lanzhou University, East China University of Science and Technology and Jiangsu University for their online degree programs. Our service revenue from Hongcheng Education in aggregate accounted for 21.6 % of our net revenue in 201 3 .

Xiandai Xingye Network Technology Co., Ltd., or Xiandai Technology, also used to be our PRC-affiliated entity. In September 2009, the two shareholders of Xiandai Technology transferred their equity interest in Xiandai Technology to Hongcheng Education. Xiandai Technology thus became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Hongcheng Education. Xiandai Technology, and its subsidiary, Gotop Electronic, hold the ICP licenses for the operation of our websites, www.chinaedu.net , www.prcedu.com , and www.chinaedu.com , respectively.

The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure as of December 31, 201 3 .

We have been, and expect to continue to be, dependent on our PRC subsidiaries and PRC-affiliated entity to conduct our core businesses in China. Through one of our subsidiaries, we have entered into a series of contractual arrangements with our PRC-affiliated entity and its shareholders that are intended to provide us with the control over, and the economic benefits enjoyed by, our PRC-affiliated entity. Pursuant to the terms of these contractual arrangements:

· we effectively control our PRC-affiliated entity and its respective subsidiaries;

· substantially all of the economic benefits of our PRC-affiliated entity are transferred to us; and

· our PRC subsidiaries or their respective designees have an exclusive option to purchase all or substantially all of the equity interests in our PRC-affiliated entity, to the extent permitted under PRC law.

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Agreements That Transfer Economic Benefits to Hongcheng Technology

Exclusive Technical Consulting and Services Agreement. Through our wholly-owned subsidiary, Hongcheng Technology, we have entered into an exclusive technical consulting and service agreement with Hongcheng Education. This consulting and service agreement has an initial term of ten years and will be automatically renewed for successive periods of ten years thereafter, unless Hongcheng Technology provides written notice to the other party prior to the expiration of the then current term of its election not to renew the agreement. Under the agreement with Hongcheng Education, Hongcheng Technology provides courseware and product development services, website design services, maintenance and security services, employee training services and any other services that may be agreed upon by the parties. As consideration for these services, we charge Hongcheng Education a service fee, which represents substantially all of its net income. The service fee amounts are determined at Hongcheng Technology’s sole discretion.

We operate two private primary and secondary schools through Hongcheng Education, and have entered into a series of agreements with the shareholders of Hongcheng Education, Mr. Changqing Xie, one of our officers, and Mr. Xueshan Yang, one of our former directors, to maintain effective control over Hongcheng Education. Currently, Mr. Xie and Mr. Yang hold 72% and 28%, respectively, of the equity interest in Hongcheng Education.

Equity Pledge Agreements . Pursuant to the Equity Pledge Agreements between Hongcheng Technology and nominee shareholders of VIE, the nominee shareholders of VIE pledged all of their equity interests in VIE to Hongcheng Technology to guarantee VIE’s performance of its obligations under all the VIE contractual arrangements. If the VIE breaches its contractual obligations under that agreement, Hongcheng Technology, as the pledgee, will be entitled to certain rights, including the right to sell the pledged equity interests. The nominee shareholders of VIE agree that, without prior written consent of Hongcheng Technology, they will not dispose of the pledged equity interests or create or allow any encumbrance on the pledged equity interests that would prejudice Hongcheng Technology’s interest.

Loan Agreements . In 2005, we loaned approximately $4.8 million to Mr. Xie and approximately $1.8 million to Mr. Yang to fund the registered capital requirements of Hongcheng Education. The terms of these loans are 20 years and may be extended with the consent of the parties. To the extent permitted under PRC law, each loan may be repaid only by the transfer by Mr. Xie or Mr. Yang of his equity interests in Hongcheng Education to us or our designee. Mr. Xie and Mr. Yang each have granted us the right to appoint all directors to the board of Hongcheng Education, a right that they otherwise would be entitled to as shareholders. Each agreements shall be valid until the full performance of the exclusive technical consulting and services agreement or the full repayment of above loan, and has been registered with the local branch of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce.

Agreements That Provide Us Effective Control Over Hongcheng Education

Powers of Attorney. Pursuant to the power of attorney, the nominee shareholders of Hongcheng Education each executed an irrevocable power of attorney assigning Hongcheng Technology or any person designated by Hongcheng Technology as their attorney-in-fact and take all actions on their behalf on all matters of the Hongcheng Education requiring shareholders’ approval under PRC laws and regulations and the Article of Association of Hongcheng Education.

The Articles of Association of Hongcheng Education states that the major rights of the shareholders include the power to review and approve the annual budget, operating strategy and investment plan, elect the members of board of directors and approve their compensation plan. Therefore, through the irrevocable power of attorney arrangement, Hongcheng Technology has the ability to exercise effective control over Hongcheng Education through shareholder votes and, through such votes, to also control the composition of the board of directors and thus appoint the senior management of Hongcheng Education. The power of attorneys will remain effective for as long as the nominee shareholders are shareholders of Hongcheng Education.

Spousal Consent Letter. The spouse of each married shareholder of Hongcheng Education has signed a spousal consent letter, whereby the spouse agrees that (i) the equity interests of Hongcheng Education owned by such shareholder will be disposed of only in accordance with the applicable Call Option Agreements, Equity Pledge Agreements, Loan Agreements and other related agreements executed by the shareholder, (ii) such equity interests do not constitute communal property with such shareholder and (iii) the spouse irrevocably and unconditionally waives all rights and benefits with respect to such equity interests, including the right to sue in any court and under all applicable laws.

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Shareholder Voting Rights Entrustment Agreements . In connection with the Hongcheng Education loan agreements described above, in 2005, Mr. Xie and Mr. Yang entered into shareholder voting rights entrustment agreements with Hongcheng Technology. Pursuant to these agreements, Mr. Xie and Mr. Yang each irrevocably entrusted Hongcheng Technology with the right to act as their proxy and vote all of their shares in Hongcheng Education. Each of these agreements will remain effective as long as Mr. Xie or Mr. Yang remains a shareholder in Hongcheng Education.

Call Option Agreements . Mr. Xie and Mr. Yang each entered into call option agreements with Hongcheng Technology in 2005. Pursuant to these agreements, Mr. Xie and Mr. Yang each granted irrevocable options to purchase all of their respective equity interests in Hongcheng Education to Hongcheng Technology at the lowest price permitted under applicable PRC laws. The agreement shall terminate after all the equity subject to the call option agreement has been transferred to Hongcheng Technology and/or any other entity or individual designated by Hongcheng Technology in accordance with the provisions contained herein. Through the exclusive Call Option Agreements, each of Hongcheng Education’s nominee shareholders irrevocably granted Hongcheng Technology an exclusive right to acquire, at any time, for its own account or through one or more PRC individuals or entities to acquire the nominee shareholder’s equity interests in Hongcheng Education, which constitutes a substantive kick-out right that is exercisable and enforceable under current PRC laws and regulations. This kick-out right reinforces Hongcheng Technology’s ability to direct the activities that most significantly impact Hongcheng Education’s economic performance.

We believe the structure for operating our business in China (including our corporate structure and our contractual arrangements with our consolidated affiliated entities) complies with all applicable PRC laws, rules and regulations, and does not violate, breach, contravene or otherwise conflict with any applicable PRC laws, rules or regulations.

However, there are uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of the relevant PRC laws, rules and regulations. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the PRC regulatory authorities will not take a view that is contrary to our opinion. If a PRC government authority determines that our corporate structure, the contractual arrangements or the reorganization to establish our current corporate structure violates any applicable PRC laws, rules or regulations, the contractual arrangements will become invalid or unenforceable, and we could be subject to severe penalties and required to obtain additional governmental approvals from the PRC regulatory authorities. See ‘‘Risk Factors— Risks Related to China’s Regulation of the Education and Telecommunication Sectors and Our Corporate Structure— If the PRC authorities determine that our organizational structure for operating our business does not comply with PRC regulations, we could be subject to sanctions, including being required to discontinue all or a portion of our business.’’

Recent Development

The Company has entered into a definitive Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) with ChinaEdu Holdings Limited (“Holdings”) and ChinaEdu Merger Sub Limited (“Merger Sub”), pursuant to which Holdings will acquire the Company for US$2.33 per ordinary share or US$7.00 per American Depositary Share (“ADS”), each representing three (3) ordinary shares. This represents a 19.9% premium over the closing price of $5.84 per ADS as quoted by NASDAQ on June 19, 2013, the last trading day prior to the Company’s announcement on June 20, 2013 that it had received a “going private” proposal, and a premium of approximately 22% to the volume weighted average price of the Company’s ADSs for the last 180 trading days.

Pursuant to the Merger Agreement and subject to the satisfaction or waiver of its terms and conditions, Merger Sub, which is wholly-owned by Holdings, will be merged with and into the Company, with the Company continuing as the surviving corporation and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Holdings (the “Merger”). In connection with and at the effective time of the Merger, all of the Company’s ordinary shares issued and outstanding immediately prior to the effective time of the Merger (including ordinary shares represented by ADSs) will be canceled and converted into and exchanged for the right to receive US$2.33 per ordinary share or US$7.00 per ADS, in each case, in cash and without interest and net of any applicable withholding taxes, except for (a) all ordinary shares owned immediately prior to the effective time of the Merger by Shawn Ding, Moral Known Industrial Limited, Julia Huang, South Lead Technology Limited, GegengTana, Mei Yixin, Pan Zhixin, Ellen Huang, InterVision Technology Ltd., MLP Holdings Limited, New Value Technology Limited, LingyuanFurong Investment Mgmt Co., Ltd., McGraw-Hill Global Education Intermediate Holdings, LLC, Weblearning Company Limited and Guo Young (the “Rollover Shareholders”), which are subject to a contribution agreement whereby such shareholders have agreed to contribute such shares (except, in the case of McGraw-Hill Global Education Intermediate Holdings, LLC (“McGraw-Hill”), limited to 3,377,336 ordinary shares held by it) (the “Rollover Shares”) to Holdings, which contributed Rollover Shares will, in accordance with the contribution agreement, be exchanged for the right to subscribe for the ordinary shares of Holdings, (b) ordinary shares and ADSs beneficially owned immediately prior to the effective time of the Merger by the Company as treasury shares, held in brokerage accounts in the Company’s name, or issued to The Bank of New York and reserved for future grants under the Company’s 2010 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Company Plan”), and (c) ordinary shares owned by shareholders who have validly exercised and perfected and not effectively withdrawn or lost their appraisal or other rights pursuant to Section 238 of the Cayman Companies Law, as amended, which will be cancelled and will entitle the former holders thereof to receive the appraised value thereon in accordance with such holder’s appraisal rights under the Cayman Companies Law.

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At the effective time of the Merger, each option to purchase ordinary shares (each, a “Company Option”) granted pursuant to the Company Plan that is then outstanding and unexercised, whether or not vested, shall be cancelled and converted into and exchanged for an option to acquire one fully paid and non-assessable ordinary share of Holdings (each, a “Holdings Option”). Each Holdings Option shall have an exercise or purchase price equal to the exercise or purchase price of the corresponding Company Option. Each Holdings Option shall otherwise retain the same grant date, the same vesting or exercise schedule, the same term and expiration date and substantially the same other material terms and conditions as each Company Option.

At the effective time of the Merger, each restricted stock unit granted pursuant to the Company Plan (each, a “Company RSU”) shall be cancelled and converted into and exchanged for a restricted stock unit of Holdings (each, a “Holdings RSU”). Each Holdings RSU shall be subject to the same material terms and conditions as each Company RSU.

Holdingsand Merger Sub are all newly-formed Cayman Islands exempted companies with limited liability. The Rollover Shareholders collectively beneficially own approximately 56.9% of the outstanding ordinary shares of the Company (excluding 1,392,000 ordinary shares owned by McGraw-Hill that will be cashed out at the effective time of the Merger and outstanding options and RSUs of the Company). Immediately after the completion of the Merger, Holdings will be beneficially owned by the Rollover Shareholders.Holdings and Merger Sub intend to fund the Merger consideration through proceeds from a committed loan facility fromChina Merchants Bank Co. Ltd., Hong Kong Branch.

The Company’s board of directors, acting upon the unanimous recommendation of the independent committee (“Independent Committee”) formed by the board of directors, approved the Merger Agreement and the Merger and resolved to recommend that the Company’s shareholders vote to authorize and approve the Merger Agreement and the Merger. The Independent Committee, which is composed solely of directors of the Company who are unaffiliated with any of Holdings, Merger Sub, the Rollover Shareholders or any of the management members of the Company, exclusively negotiated the terms of the Merger Agreement with the assistance of its financial and legal advisors.

The Merger, which is currently expected to close during the first or second quarter of 2014, is subject to customary closing conditions as well as the approval by an affirmative vote of (i) shareholders representing two-thirds or more of the ordinary shares present and voting in person or by proxy as a single class at the extraordinary general meeting, and (ii) shareholders (other than the Rollover Shareholders) representing a majority of the outstanding ordinary shares (excluding the ordinary shares held by the Rollover Shareholders) present and voting in person or by proxy as a single class at the extraordinary general meeting.

Concurrently with the execution of the Merger Agreement, the Rollover Shareholders have entered into a voting agreement with Holdings and the Company whereby they have agreed, among other things, to vote in favor of approval of the Merger Agreement and Merger. This represents voting commitments from shareholders beneficially owning approximately 61.6% of the Company’s outstanding ordinary shares(excluding outstanding options and RSUs of the Company). If completed, the Merger will result in the Company becoming a privately-held company and its ADSs will no longer be listed on the NASDAQ.

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Our Significant Subsidiaries

A summary of our subsidiaries and PRC-affiliated entity or variable-interest entity and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 201 3 is as follows:

Name	Date of incorporation or acquisition	Percentage of legal ownership		Place of incorporation
Subsidiaries of the Company

CMR Web-learning Co., Ltd. (“CMR Web”)	July 29, 1999	70	%	PRC
Hongcheng Technology Development Co., Ltd. (“Hongcheng Technology”)	July 31, 2000	100	%	PRC
Zhong Nongda Networks Development Co., Ltd. (“Zhongnongda Networks”)	October 30, 2001	55	%	PRC
Beijing Hongcheng Liye Technology Co., Ltd. (“Hongcheng Liye”)	April 15, 2003	100	%	PRC
Dalian Dongcai Technology Co., Ltd. (“Dongcai”)	June 4, 2003	70	%	PRC
Beijing WITT Education Consultant Management Co., Ltd. (“WITT Education”)	July 4, 2003	100	%	PRC
BJ-WITT EDU MAN. LTD. (“BJ-WITT”)	July 4, 2003	100	%	BVI
Chongqing Chongda Yuanxing Co., Ltd. (“Chongda”)	December 24, 2003	51	%	PRC
Beijing BCIT Science and Education Management Consulting Limited (“Beijing BCIT”)	January 13, 2005	100	%	PRC
Beijing Gotop Education Co., Ltd. (“Gotop Hongcheng”)	December 26, 2005	100	%	PRC
Beijing BCIT Science and Education Management Consulting Limited (“BJ-BCIT”)	February 10, 2006	100	%	BVI
Beijing Distance Education Technology Co., Ltd. (“Yuancheng Education”)	March 31, 2006	100	%	PRC
Tianjin Gaotuo Hongcheng Education Technology Co., Ltd. (“Tianjin Gaotuo Hongcheng”)	June 26, 2006	100	%	PRC
Beijing Beiyuda Education Technology Co., Ltd. (“Beiyuda”)	September 26, 2006	51	%	PRC
Beijing Mingdaoyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (“Beijing Mingdao”)	March 27, 2007	51	%	PRC
Shanghai Shangcai Education Technology Co., Ltd. (“Shanghai Shangcai”)	April 18, 2008	51	%	PRC
Dongcai Online Training Center (“Dongcai Online”)	July 10, 2008	70	%	PRC
Beijing Zhonglin Technology Co., Ltd. (“Zhonglin”)	November 3, 2008	51	%	PRC
Fuzhou Haojiaoshi Distance Education Service Co., Ltd. (“Fuzhou Good Teacher”)	December 7, 2009	51	%	PRC
Hongyuanboxue Technology Co., Ltd (“Hongyuanboxue”)	August 24, 2010	100	%	PRC
Beijing Hongcheng Xueyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (“Hongcheng Xueyuan”)	October 31, 2010	100	%	PRC
Nanning Hongcheng Xueyuan Technology Development Co., Ltd (“Nanning Hongcheng Xueyuan”)	October 31, 2010	51	%	PRC
Hangzhou Hongcheng Education Training Service Co., Ltd (“Hangzhou Hongcheng Xueyuan”)	October 31, 2010	60	%	PRC
Beijing Haidian District New Door Training School (“Haidian Training School”)	April 7, 2011	55	%	PRC
Zhejiang Hongcheng Education Technology Co., Ltd (“Zhejiang Hongcheng”)	June 30, 2011	51	%	PRC
HongKong Hongcheng Online Education Technology Co.,Ltd (“Hongcheng Online”)	April 12, 2013	100	%	HongKong
Chongqing Fahong Technology Development Co., Ltd. (“Chongqing Fahong “)	Feburary 7, 2013	100	%	PRC
Variable Interest Entity of the Company
Beijing Hongcheng Education Technology Co., Ltd. (“Hongcheng Education”)	March 7, 2005	N/A	*	PRC
Subsidiaries of Variable Interest Entity
Beijing Gotop Electronic Science Co., Ltd. (“Gotop Electronic”) (1)	November 29, 1995	N/A		PRC
Xiandai Xingye Network Technology Co., Ltd. (“Xiandai Technology”) (1)	November 7, 2000	N/A		PRC
Pingdingshan Wellent Bilingual School (“Pingdingshan”) (1)	September 3, 2002	N/A		PRC
Anqing Foreign Language Middle School (“Anqing Foreign Language”) (1)	August 2, 2004	N/A		PRC
Jingzhou Tianchang Investment Co., Ltd. (“Tianchang”) (2)	September 6, 2005	N/A		PRC
Jingzhou Middle School South Campus (“South Campus”) (3)	December 28, 2005	N/A		PRC
Beijing Hongcheng YoYo Technology Co., Ltd. (“Hongcheng YoYo”) (1)	November 3, 2009	N/A		PRC
Anqing Daguan Hongcheng Anwai Training Centre (“Anqing Daguan”) (1)	April 15, 2010	N/A		PRC
Pingdingshan Hongcheng Education Training Centre (“Pingdingshan Training Centre”) (1)	August 11, 2010	N/A		PRC
Beijing Xicheng District Hongcheng Training School (“Xicheng Training School”) (1)	January 6, 2011	N/A		PRC

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* PRC regulations currently limit foreign ownership of entities that provide Internet content and engage in primary and junior high school education. To comply with PRC laws and regulations, we provide such services in China through our variable-interest entity, Hongcheng Education, and its subsidiaries.

(1) Wholly-owned subsidiary of Hongcheng Education (variable-interest entity of the Company)

(2) 72.5% of its equity interest is owned by Hongcheng Education (variable-interest entity of the Company)

(3) 54% of its equity interest is owned by Hongcheng Education (variable-interest entity of the Company)

D. Property, Plants and Equipment

Our principal executive office is located at the 4 th Floor-A, GeHua Building, No. 1 Qinglong Hutong, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100007, People’s Republic of China, where we own approximately 3,450 square meters. We also own other operating spaces in Beijing, Shanghai, Wuxi, Chongqing, Zhengzhou, Nanchang and Dalian. Each of our three schools (Pingdingshan School, Anqing School and Jingzhou School (Southern Campus)) has associated properties that we own or lease. We believe that our existing facilities, together with the facilities under construction, are adequate for our current and foreseeable future operations.

Since 2007, we undertook a capital improvements program at our Anqing School and Pingdingshan School. The renovations and improvements include a new campus for Anqing School to accommodate a larger student population and general facility upgrades and a new building for Pingdingshan School to improve the level of education. We spent a total of RMB2.7 million , RMB3.3million and RMB4.5 million in 201 1 , 201 2 and 201 3 , respectively, on the renovation of these schools, and we anticipate incurring additional capital expenditures associated with the contracted commitment related to such improvements of approximately RMB 1.1 million in 201 4 .

We initially planned to complete construction of a new campus at the Jingzhou School (Southern Campus) by the fall 2006 recruiting season. Although the construction of Jingzhou School (Southern Campus) has been delayed indefinitely, as of December 31, 201 3 , we had outstanding capital commitments of RMB64.8 million related to this project. For further discussion of these capital expenditures and commitments, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — B. Liquidity and Capital Resources. ”

The capital expenditures for additional office spaces is RMB18.9 million , nil and nil for the years ended December 31, 201 1 , 201 2 and 201 3 .

The following table lists the properties that we owned or leased as of December 31, 201 3 :

Province	Use of Property	Owned/Leased	Approximate Size (m 2 )
Anhui	School	Leased	6,568
Anhui	School	Owned	5 9 ,000
Beijing	Office	Leased	4, 509
Beijing	Office	Owned	5,247
Chongqing	Office	Leased	755
Chongqing	Office	Owned	1,316
Fujian	Office	Leased	40
Fujian	Office	Owned	281
Guangdong	Office	Leased	202
Hainan	Office	Leased	1 6
Henan	Office	Leased	38
Henan	Office	Owned	296
Henan	School	Owned	11,303
Hubei	Office	Leased	180
Hubei	School	Owned	191,865
Hunan	Office	Owned	167
Jiangsu	Office	Leased	4, 251
Jiangxi	Office	Owned	64
Jiangxi	Office	Leased	283
Jilin	Office	Leased	4 1
Liaoning	Office	Leased	198
Liaoning	Office	Owned	413
Shandong	Office	Leased	70
Shanghai	Office	Leased	528
Shanxi	Office	Leased	150
Shan’xi	Office	Owned	720
Sichuan	Office	Leased	139
Sichuan	Office	Owned	1,120
Tianjin	Office	Owned	731
Zhejiang	Office	Leased	1, 427

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Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments

Not applicable.

Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects

A. Operating Results

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F.

Overview

We are a leading educational services provider in China, incorporated as an exempted limited liability company in the Cayman Islands. Established in 1999, our primary business is to provide comprehensive services to the online degree programs of leading Chinese universities. These services include academic program development, technology services, enrollment marketing, recruiting, student support services and finance operations, which entail accounting, treasury, financial analysis, accounts receivables and accounts payable services for online degree programs. Our other lines of businesses include online tutoring services, the operation of private primary and secondary schools, and marketing and support for international and elite curriculum programs. We believe we are the largest service provider to online degree programs in China in terms of the number of higher education institutions that we serve and the number of students enrolled in the online degree programs that we serve.

We currently provide technical, recruiting and other services to 27 universities with online degree programs and provide services and support to 11 additional universities that are awaiting regulatory approval to launch their online programs. Of these 38 universities, 13 of them have entered into collaborative alliances with us, ranging from 15 to 50 years in length. Eight of them have entered into technology service agreements with us, ranging from 3 to 20 years in length. We also perform recruiting services through our nationwide learning center network for 23 universities, including six with which we have established collaborative alliances or entered into technology service agreements. As of December 31, 201 3 , there were approximately 447,000 revenue students in the online degree programs that we serve. A revenue student is counted when a student makes a payment in the semester except for the Online Education School of Renmin University of China where a revenue student is counted when the student makes payment and selects a credit course starting from the 2012 spring semester. These online degree programs are marketed under the brand names of these leading Chinese universities, which allow us to benefit from the significant brand equity that these higher education institutions have established.

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Our business has experienced significant growth since its inception in 1999. This growth has been driven by the increased number of universities that we serve, the increased enrollment of the online degree programs of our university partners and our expansion into other education-related lines of business. We generate our revenue from service fees and tuition payments derived from students who are enrolled in, or served by, our businesses. In addition to our online degree services, we also provide online tutoring, operate private primary and secondary schools and international and elite curriculum services. As of December 31, 201 3 , we provided services to online degree programs that had an aggregate of approximately 447,000 revenue students, and we served approximately 47,000 revenue students in our other businesses. Our net revenue increased from RMB 435.9 million in 201 1 to RMB4 88.3 million in 201 2 and further to RMB 547.9 million ($ 90.5 million) in 201 3 , representing a compound annual growth rate, or CAGR, of 12.1 %. Net revenue from our online degree programs contributed 79.6% , 80.5% and 80.0 % of our total net revenue for 201 1 , 201 2 and 201 3 , respectively.

General Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

We have benefited greatly from the rapid growth of the Chinese education market. This growth has been driven by several factors, including favorable demographic trends, overall economic growth and the increase in per capita income, the imbalance between supply and demand for traditional post-secondary education, the emphasis that Chinese culture places on higher education and the growing number of Internet users, especially those with broadband access. China’s accelerating integration into the global economy is providing increasing career opportunities for those with post-secondary qualifications. These factors have led to significant increases in educational spending in China and in the number of people interested in obtaining post-secondary education, including through online degree programs and other forms of private education services. We anticipate that the Chinese education market will continue to grow, including the demand for post-secondary degree programs that can be delivered online. However, any adverse changes in the economic conditions in China may adversely affect the demand for post-secondary degree programs, and regulatory changes could adversely affect the ability of companies such as ours to service this market.

Specific Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

While the general factors affecting the Chinese education market influence us, we believe that company-specific and regulatory factors more directly affect our business. Company-specific factors include the number of online degree programs we service, the number of registered students and the number of revenue students enrolled in the programs that we service, the amount of tuition fees these programs can charge, the amount of fees that we can derive from tuition fees collected by these programs, the amount of expenses paid by our university partners for their online degree programs, particularly fees they pay to learning centers, and our cost of revenue and operating expenses. Because the online degree programs that we service, which constitute our largest business segment, are operated by our university partners to whom we provide services, the number of student enrollments, the number of revenue students and tuition fees, are largely driven by the demand for the course offerings and recruitment efforts of our partners. We also provide a technology and service platform that helps drive enrollment through the quality of the course offerings and we assist in enrollment marketing as well as recruiting for the university programs.

Regulatory factors include the number of additional universities that may be authorized by the MOE to offer online degree programs, the timing of any such approvals by the MOE, regulations related to student recruiting activities, such as establishment of learning centers which are subject to regulation by local authorities, and whether the MOE will approve and facilitate future cooperative arrangements between PRC and foreign educational institutions. For example, in 2011, the MOE issued a policy standardizing the recruitment period for student enrollment so that the fall student enrollment period ends on September 30 and the spring enrollment period ends on March 31. As such, students enrolled after September 30 are now deemed to have enrolled on March 31 and revenue from students that enroll after September 30 and which we previously recognized in the fourth and first quarters will now be recognized in the second and third quarters.

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In addition, the tuition fees for all the programs we provide services to, as well as the tuition fees for our private schools, are subject to direct regulation by China’s price control authorities. Furthermore, any increase in the tax rates applicable to, or the loss of preferential tax treatments enjoyed by, our PRC subsidiaries and PRC-affiliated entity as a result of changes in PRC tax laws may adversely affect our results of operations. See “—Taxation.”

We expect to expand the penetration of our online program services by increasing the number of universities that use our online program services, increasing total student enrollments at the online degree programs we currently serve, as well as continuing expansion of our learning center network. We believe that our ability to grow will be driven principally by the continued strengthening of our brand name, improvement of our service quality and development of new services. We are actively targeting other universities to become our partners for their online education programs. The targeted universities include both those already offering online degree programs and those planning to offer online degree programs.

A significant factor affecting the results of our online degree program segment is the fees that our university partners pay to the third-party learning centers. The learning centers play an important role in recruiting students and providing student services including testing services. The share of tuition revenue that we receive from our university partners is after the payment of fees to the learning centers. As a result, an increase in the portion of tuition fees paid to the learning centers will result in a decrease in the portion of tuition fees that we receive as revenue. In 201 3 , the majority of our university partners paid fees to independent learning centers in amounts ranging from 33 % to 53 % of the gross tuition revenues received by their online degree programs. For 201 1 , 201 2 and 201 3 , the portion of gross tuition fees that our university partners paid in aggregate to independent learning centers was approximately 42% , 43% and 44%, respectively. There can be no assurance that the amounts payable to independent learning centers, as a portion of gross tuition fees, will not increase. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—We derive a majority of our revenue by providing services to online degree programs, and any adverse development in this business will materially and adversely affect our overall results of operations.”

To strengthen our ability to assist our university partners to recruit students and improve student service quality as well as to enhance our profitability, we have been building a network of learning centers across China. We believe building a national network of learning centers will enable us to significantly enhance our brand recognition and to contribute to our future revenue growth. Proprietary learning centers generally require low initial capital expenditure as most are rented locations, which require moderate remodeling and furnishing of office supplies. To date, we have a total of 1 43 learning centers, servicing the online degree programs for 23 universities.

The future results of operations of our online tutoring services will depend significantly upon our ability to increase awareness of our online tutoring programs, to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of our sales channel and to develop new products and services to further enhance the learning experience of existing students and attract new students.

The results of operations of our private primary and secondary schools will depend significantly upon our ability to continue to increase enrollment and increase price following the construction of a new campus at our Anqing School and facility improvements at our Pingdingshan School. We had initially planned to commence construction of a new campus for Jingzhou School. Due to delays and increase in construction costs, however, we cannot assure you that we will begin construction in the near future, or at all.

The results of operations of our international and elite curriculum programs will depend significantly on the number of schools and students enrolled in these programs and the amount per student that we receive. Due to regulatory developments, we expect the future results for our international and elite curriculum programs to be adversely affected. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—Our international curriculum programs, which include our Polytechnic and English language programs, are heavily regulated, and our ability to conduct business in this area is highly dependent on regulatory policies and our compliance with these policies.”

The future results of operations of our international and elite curriculum programs will depend significantly on the quality of our services as well as our ability to build sound relationships with quality overseas university partner. It will also depend on our ability to retain a stable and experienced team to run the program.

Our cost of revenue and operating expenses principally consist of the salaries, courseware development costs, research and development expenses, marketing expenses, administrative expenses and, depreciation and amortization costs relating to our growing business.

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Net revenue

We generated net revenue of RMB435.9 million , RMB488.3 million and RMB 547.9 million ($ 90.5 million) in 201 1 , 201 2 and 201 3 , respectively, representing a CAGR of 12.1%. Our net revenue from servicing the online degree programs is net of certain expenses paid by our university partners relating to their online degree programs, including fees paid to learning centers and any tuition refunds paid to students. The portion of gross tuition fees that our university partners paid in aggregate to third party learning centers was approximately 42% , 43% and 44 % in 201 1 , 201 2 and 201 3 , respectively. The revenue from our other business lines, online tutoring programs, private primary and secondary schools and international and elite curriculum programs, is driven by the number of revenue students and the fees charged for each student.

Our revenue is reported net of business taxes and related surcharges that are levied on our total revenue. Historically, most of our revenue, except from primary and secondary schools, is subject to PRC business tax at rates of up to 5.6%. Revenue we generate from primary and secondary schools is exempt from business tax. A percentage of revenue from our online degree program services and a majority percentage from our online tutoring programs are subject to value-added taxes. In July 2012, the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation jointly issued a circular regarding the pilot collection of VAT in lieu of business tax in certain areas and industries in the PRC. Such VAT pilot program has been phased in Beijing, Jiangsu, Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Tianjin, Zhejiang, and Hubei between September and December 2012. Starting from September 1, 2012, our six subsidiaries became subject to VAT at the rates of 6%, seven subsidiaries became subject to VAT at the rates of 3% .S tarting from July 2013, two of our subsidiaries became subject to VAT at the rates of 6%, and one subsidiary became subject to VAT at the rates of 3% on certain service revenues which were previously subject to business tax.The value-added tax rebates are granted to us as part of the PRC government’s strategy to encourage high technology development in the PRC, and are recorded as a component of revenue when the relevant compliance requirements are met. We are not subject to further obligations, nor to future refunds or reimbursements in connection with such value-added tax rebates. We incurred business taxes of RMB17.3 million , RMB 15.7 million and RMB 11.3 million ($ 1.9 million) in 201 1 , 201 2 and 201 3 , respectively. We accrued value-added tax rebates in the amounts of RMB8.3 million , RMB 12.2 million and RMB 16.2 million ($ 2.7 million) in 201 1 , 201 2 and 201 3 , respectively.

A significant portion of our revenue is derived from a small number of customers. Our three largest customers, Chongqing University, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics and Renmin University of China accounted for 15.7 %, 11.4 % and 8.6 %, of our net revenue in 201 3 respectively. These same customers accounted for 14.4 %, 11.2 % and 10.1 % of our net revenue in 201 2 , and 13.1 %, 10.7% and 11.3 %, of our revenue in 201 1 respectively.

For the years ended December 31, 201 1 , 201 2 and 201 3 , net revenue of RMB 249.8 million, RMB 271.8 million and RMB291.6 million, representing 57.3% , 55.7% and 53.2 % of our total net revenue, respectively, was generated from our online degree programs services provided to our related parties, which are entities owned by or affiliated with the holders of noncontrolling interests (“NCI”) in our subsidiaries. A summary of the holders of NCI and their respective interests in our subsidiaries as of December 31, 201 3 is presented in the following table.

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Our less-than-wholly-owned subsidiaries	Ownership percentage held by NCI		Holders of NCI
CMR Web-learning Co., Ltd.	30	%	Rendashiji Technology Development Co., Ltd. (i)
Zhong Nongda Networks Development Co., Ltd.	45	%	China Agricultural University
Dalian Dongcai Technology Co., Ltd.	30	%	Dongbei University of Finance and Economics
Chongqing Chongda Yuanxing Co., Ltd.	49	%	Chongqing University
Beijing Beiyuda Education Technology Co., Ltd.	49	%	Beijing Language and Culture University
Beijing Mingdaoyuan Technology Co., Ltd.	49	%	Central University of Finance and Economics
Shanghai Shangcai Education Technology Co., Ltd.	49	%	Shanghai University of Finance Economics
Dongcai Online Training Center	30	%	Dongbei University of Finance and Economics
Beijing Zhonglin Technology Co., Ltd.	49	%	Asset Management Company of Beijing Forestry University
Fuzhou Haojiaoshi Distance Education Service Co., Ltd.	49	%	Fujian Radio and TV University
Nanning HongchengXueyuan Technology Development Co., Ltd.	49	%	Guangxi Radio and TV University
Hangzhou Hongcheng Education Training Service Co., Ltd.	40	%	Xibing Ge and Yonghui Liu
Beijing Haidian District New Door Training School	45	%	China Agricultural University
Zhejiang Hongcheng Education Technology Co., Ltd.	49	%	Zhejiang Normal University

(i) Rendashiji Technology Development Co., Ltd., the holder of NCI in CMR Web-learning Co., Ltd., holds 1,745,000 and 1,745,000 ordinary shares of ChinaEdu Corporation, representing 3.7% and 6.8 % of the total outstanding ordinary shares as of December 31, 201 2 and 201 3 , respectively.

The primary business of our subsidiaries presented above is to provide online educational technical consulting and recruiting services to entities owned by or affiliated with their respective NCI holders. Net revenue generated from services provided to the related parties is presented in the following table.

	For the years ended December 31,
	2011	2012	201 3
	RMB	RMB	RMB
	(In thousands)
Online degree programs:
Online Education School of Chongqing University	57,175	70,149	86,028
Online Education School of Dongbei University of Finance and Economics	46,459	54,576	62,202
Online Education School of China Agricultural University	49,068	49,394	44,231
Online Education School of Renmin University of China(i)	56,758	47,389	47,138
Online Education School of Beijing Language and Culture University	33,531	39,042	39,712
Online Education School of Central University of Finance and Economics	2,834	2,284	3,467
Guangxi Radio and TV University	251	1,585	340
Fujian Radio and TV University	3,747	5,191	5,792
Zhejiang Normal University	—	2,192	2,505
Shanghai Normal University			144
Total	249,823	271,802	291,559

(i) Renmin University of China is the owner of Rendashiji Technology Development Co., Ltd., which is the holder of NCI in CMR Web-learning Co., Ltd. and a shareholder of ChinaEdu Corporation.

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Segment Information

We operate through four reporting segments that offer distinct educational services: online degree programs, online tutoring programs, private primary and secondary schools and international and elite curriculum programs.

The following table sets forth the net revenue for each segment and as a percentage of net revenue for the periods indicated.

	Years ended December 31,
	2011			2012			2013
	RMB	% of net revenue		RMB	% of net revenue		RMB	US$	% of net revenue
	(In thousands, except percentages)
Net revenue:
Online degree programs	347,107	79.6	%	393,343	80.5	%	438,375	72,414	80.0	%
Online tutoring programs	25,755	5.9	%	25,266	5.2	%	31,312	5,172	5.7	%
Private primary and secondary schools	49,653	11.4	%	59,937	12.3	%	68,747	11,357	12.5	%
International and elite curriculum programs	13,344	3.1	%	9,776	2.0	%	9,506	1,570	1.8	%
Total	435,859	100.0	%	488,322	100	%	547,940	90,513	100	%

Online degree programs revenue. We generate our online degree programs revenue through various collaborative alliances and other arrangements with universities in China. We expect that we will continue to earn the substantial majority of our revenue and profits from this segment in the near future. Through collaborative alliances and other arrangements, we provide comprehensive services to our university partners, including academic program development, technology services, enrollment marketing, student support services and finance operations. We currently provide technical, recruiting and other services to 27 universities with online degree programs and provide services and support to 11 additional universities which are awaiting regulatory approval to launch their online programs. Among the 38 universities, 13 are structured as collaborative alliances (including six universities awaiting regulatory approval) and eight are structured as technology service agreements (including five universities waiting for regulatory approval). We also provide recruiting service to 23 universities (including six universities which are also our collaborative alliances or have entered into technology service agreements with us). Our collaborative alliances are based on long-term contracts that generally range from 15 years to 50 years.

As of December 31, 201 3 our university partners had, in the aggregate, approximately 447,000 revenue students. The majority of our service fees are determined by the revenue-sharing arrangements we have with each university, as well as the terms that each university negotiates with the learning centers that provide recruiting enrollment and other student services for their online degree programs. University online degree programs generally require students to prepay tuition fees for a set number of credits at the outset of their enrollment. Under our service contracts with the universities, our service fees are calculated based upon a share of actual cash tuition received by the university after deducting certain expenses of the university, which consist of service fees paid to learning centers as well as any tuition refunds paid to students and administrative expenses. We provide technology and support services to our university partners’ online degree programs rather than directly to students. We are not responsible for academic instructional support and its associated costs. As a result, we recognize these service fees as revenue over the course of the relevant six-month academic semester for which we provide services to our university partners.

In 2008, we began establishing our learning center network. We provide recruiting, enrollment marketing and other student services through our learning center network to the online degree programs of leading Chinese universities. The amount of service fees we receive is based on the agreements we enter into with the universities, and derived from tuition fees that we collect from students on behalf of the universities. Fees received are initially recorded as deferred revenue and are recognized as revenue ratably over the six-month school semester during which we provide the services.

Online tutoring program revenue. We generate our online tutoring and test preparation services revenue from the sale to students and their parents, most of which are made through distributors, of a tutoring and test preparation program known as the 101 Online School. After paying a subscription fee based on the desired use period such as a year and the desired subjects, a student has direct access to online tutoring materials. Our service fees from this business line depend upon the number of students enrolled in the online tutoring and test preparation programs, the level of fees charged and the fees paid to the distributors. Our service fees are collected in advance of the student receiving services. We recognize this revenue ratably over the applicable period that we provide services.

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Private primary and secondary schools revenue. In 2005, we acquired three private primary and secondary schools in medium-sized cities in China: the Anqing School in Anqing, Anhui province, the Jingzhou School (Southern Campus) in Jingzhou, Hubei province; and the Pingdingshan School in Pingdingshan, Henan province. Our revenue from these schools is based on the number of students enrolled and tuition fees charged. The Anqing School had approximately 9,100students for the 2013-2014 academic year. The Pingdingshan School had an enrollment of approximately 3,100 students in the 2013-2014 academic year. There is no definite expected enrollment period for Jingzhou School (Southern Campus) as construction has been delayed indefinitely.

The tuition payments for each of our private primary and secondary schools are received in advance on a semester basis, and revenue is recognized ratably over the applicable period as education services are delivered. As is the case with most private schools in China, our tuition rates are subject to review and approval by the pricing authority and education authority, and are set for a particular entering class of students and remain the same through completion of the students’ studies.

International and elite curriculum programs revenue. Historically, we generated our revenue in this segment through a contractual arrangement with WITT to provide the FEC program that we offer to secondary schools in China and a contractual arrangement with BCIT to provide the BCIT program that we offer to polytechnic colleges in China. At the end of 2010, we introduced our U.S. college prep courses and K-12 elite program to meet growing demand for high-end programs. In these new programs, we offer complete solutions to help students to be more attractive candidates for U.S. universities. Our revenue in this segment depends upon the number of schools participating in the programs, the fees charged for the programs and the number of students enrolled in the programs. Our service fees from international curriculum programs are received from schools in the fall of each year on the basis of the number of students enrolled in the program at each school and are recognized ratably over the twelve-month period as our services are delivered. Our service fees from U.S. college prep courses and K-12 elite program are received throughout the year and are recognized on a straight-line basis during the service period. During the 201 3 -201 4 academic year, approximately 1,600 students were enrolled in the international and elite curriculum programs.

Cost of Revenue

We record cost of revenue separately for each of our business segments. The following table sets forth our cost of revenue for each segment and as a percentage of our net revenue for the periods indicated.

	Years ended December 31,
	201 1			201 2			201 3
	RMB	% of net revenue		RMB	% of net revenue		RMB	US$	% of net revenue
	(In thousands, except percentages)
Cost of revenue:
Online degree programs	124,242	28.5	%	137,689	28.2	%	147,597	24,381	26.9	%
Online tutoring programs	9,107	2.1	%	11,861	2.4	%	10,829	1,789	2.0	%
Private primary and secondary schools	36,127	8.3	%	42,713	8.7	%	46,945	7,755	8.6	%
International and elite curriculum programs	16,128	3.7	%	9,846	2.0	%	5,628	930	1.0	%
Total	185,604	42.6	%	202,109	41.4	%	210,999	34,855	38.5	%

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Online degree programs . Cost of revenue for our online degree program services consists primarily of employee compensation and benefits for our project management teams and technical personnel that directly support our university partners’ programs, and for our learning center network, employees that directly engage in recruiting related activities. Our cost of revenue also includes rent, academic program development, courseware development and other direct costs associated with maintaining our service offerings as well as fees paid to third-party distributors at our learning center network. Depreciation of facilities and equipment and amortization of intangible assets acquired through business combination are also included in cost of revenue for this segment.

Online tutoring programs. Cost of revenue for our online tutoring and test preparation services consists primarily of employee compensation and benefits for our employees working in this line of business, including those involved in courseware development and maintenance, and outsourcing fees we pay to non-employee contract teachers developing courseware and related materials, as well as costs associated with the amortization of intangible assets acquired through business combination.

Private primary and secondary schools. Cost of revenue for our private primary and secondary schools consists primarily of employee compensation and benefits for the teachers and administrative staff employed at the schools, depreciation for the facilities and equipment, lease payments for premises and payments of user fees for the use by our Anqing School of certain facilities of the Fourth Middle School of Anqing.

International and elite curriculum programs. Cost of revenue for international and elite curriculum program services consists primarily of compensation and benefits for teachers and university application consultants contracted for the program, rental costs and licensing and registration fees payable BCIT. The registration fees that we pay to BCIT are determined on the basis of the number of students enrolled in the program, and the licensing fees we pay to BCIT are based on the number and selection of subjects provided to the polytechnic schools. Our cost of revenue also include travel and lodging costs of students participating in the summer and winter programs abroad and travel and lodging related to training for senior employees, as well as costs associated with the amortization of intangible assets acquired through business combination.

Our cost of revenue also includes share-based compensation cost for employees directly engaged in revenue generation. Those costs were RMB0.5 million , RMB0.5 million and RMB 0.7 million ($ 0.1 million) for 201 1 , 201 2 and 201 3 , representing 0.3% , 0.2% and 0.4 % of our total cost of revenue in each of these years, respectively.

In addition, the amortization of intangible assets acquired through business combinations directly used in revenue generation is included in our cost of revenue. Those costs from the amortization of intangible assets were RMB2.4 million , RMB2.2 million and RMB 1.6 million ($ 0.3 million) for 201 1 , 201 2 and 201 3 , representing 1.3% , 1.1% and 0.8 % of our total cost of revenue in each of these periods, respectively.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses consist of general and administrative expenses, selling and marketing expenses, research and development expenses and share-based compensation is allocated to each item based on the nature of the service rendered by the employees who received the benefit. The following table sets forth our operating expenses for each item and as a percentage of net revenue for the periods indicated.

	Years ended December 31,
	201 1			201 2			201 3
		% of net			% of net				% of net
	RMB	revenue		RMB	revenue		RMB	US$	revenue
	(In thousands, except percentages)
Operating expenses
General and administrative	93,950	21.6	%	100,204	20.5	%	113,305	18,717	20.7	%
Selling and marketing	52,777	12.1	%	48,407	9.9	%	46,257	7,641	8.4	%
Research and development	40,589	9.3	%	40,512	8.3	%	49,948	8,251	9.1	%
Intangible assets impairment	—	—		5,901	1.2	%	—	—	—	%
Total	187,316	43.0	%	195,024	39.9	%	209,510	34,609	38.2	%

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General and administrative

Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee compensation and benefits for the executive management team and employees not directly engaged in revenue generation such as human resources, finance, legal and investor relations functions. Our general and administrative expenses also include rent, administrative office expenses, depreciation and amortization of land use right. In addition, our general and administrative expenses also include share-based compensation expense for employees not directly engaged in revenue generation. Our share-based compensation expense included in general and administrative expenses was RMB2.9 million , RMB4.2 million and RMB 6.8 million ($ 1.1 million) in 201 1 , 201 2 and 201 3 , respectively, representing 3.1% , 4.2% and 6.0 % of our total general and administrative expenses in these periods, respectively.

Selling and marketing

Our selling and marketing expenses consist primarily of employee compensation and benefits, advertising, industry conferences and travel. Other selling and marketing expenses include expenses associated with promotional activities and consulting fees.

Our selling and marketing expenses include the share-based compensation expense for employees working in sales and marketing. Our share-based compensation expense included in selling and marketing expenses was RMB2.8 million , RMB3.1 million and RMB 2.0 million ($ 0.3 million) in 201 1 , 201 2 and 201 3 , respectively, representing 5.2% , 6.4% and 4.3 % of our total selling and marketing expenses in these periods, respectively.

Research and development

Our research and development expenses consist primarily of employee compensation and benefits and other personnel-related costs associated with development of new or enhanced technologies, products and services. Our research and development expenses also include share-based compensation expense for employees working in research and development. In 201 1 , 201 2 and 201 3 , our research and development expenses have largely been related to our online degree programs and online tutoring programs. We expense all research and development costs when incurred.

Our share-based compensation expenses included in research and development were RMB0.3 million , RMB0.5 million and RMB 0.4 million ($ 0.1 million) in 201 1 , 201 2 and 201 3 , respectively. These amounts represents 0 . 7 %, 1 . 2 % and 0.7 % of our total research and development expenses in these periods, respectively.

Share-Based Compensation Expenses

Share option compensation. We incurred share-based compensation expenses related to share options in the amounts of RMB3.4 million ,RMB3.8 million and RMB 0.6 million ($ 0.1 million) in 201 1 , 201 2 and 201 3 , respectively. As of December 31, 201 3 , our unrecognized share-based compensation costs totaled RMB 0.5 million ($ 0.1 million), which was expected to be recognized over a weighted average vesting period of 0 .83 years.

Restricted share unit compensation. In September 2010, the compensation committee of our board of directors approved a Restricted Share Units, or RSU, awards program pursuant to the Equity Incentive Plan. Each RSU represents the contingent right of the participant to receive a share of common stock. In May and November 2012, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company approved two RSUs awards programs respectively pursuant to the Equity Incentive Plan. Each RSU represents the right of the participant to receive a share of common stock.

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We incurred share-based compensation expenses related to restricted share unit of RMB 9.3 million ($ 1.5 million) in the fiscal year 201 3 .

Our share-based compensation charges have been allocated to cost of revenue, general and administrative, selling and marketing and research and development expenses in line with the nature of the service rendered by the employee who received the benefit.

The allocation of share-based compensation expenses is listed in the table below:

	Years ended December 31,
	201 1			201 2			201 3
		% of net			% of net				% of net
	RMB	revenue		RMB	revenue		RMB	US$	revenue
	(In thousands, except percentages)
Share-based compensation expenses:
Cost of revenue	522	0.12	%	488	0.10	%	748	124	0.14	%
General and administrative	2,909	0.67	%	4,176	0.86	%	6,780	1,120	1.24	%
Selling and marketing	2,755	0.63	%	3,103	0.64	%	2,000	330	0.37	%
Research and development	297	0.07	%	491	0.10	%	359	59	0.07	%
Total	6,483	1.49	%	8,258	1.69	%	9887	1,633	1.82	%

Taxation

Cayman Islands

We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands.

British Virgin Islands

BJ-BCIT and BJ-WITT are tax-exempt entities incorporated in the British Virgin Islands.

PRC

Our PRC subsidiaries and VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries are generally subject to an enterprise income tax at 25% tax rate pursuant to the Enterprise Income Tax Law (the “EIT” Law).

Under the EIT Law, our PRC entities qualifying as an HNTE are entitled to a tax rate of 15%. CMR Web, Hongcheng Liye, Hongcheng Education, ZhongNongda Network, Beiyuda, Gotop Hongcheng, and Dongcai renewed the HNTE status for an additional three years in 2011. Chongda and Hongyuanboxue obtained the HNTE status in 2010 and 2013 , respectively. Hongcheng Technology renewed the HNTE status for additional three years in 2012. Due to a change of organizational structure in 2013, Hongcheng Liye and Hongcheng Education did not meet the criteria for HNTE status anymore. As such, they are not entitled to the reduced tax rate of 15% and the normal tax rate of 25% appl ies in 2013 and the foreseeable future. We believe it is highly likely that theother qualifying entities will continue to obtain the renewal in the future.

As a HNTE located in BeijingGotop Hongcheng was entitled to the reduced tax rate of 7.5% for the year 2011.

Beiyuda obtained the preferential tax rate approval from local tax bureau and was entitled to a reduced tax rate of 7.5% for 2011 and 2012.

Zhejiang Hongcheng has been qualified as “software enterprise” status from 2013and therefore was entitled to the tax exemption in 2013, and a preferential tax rate of 12.5% for the years 2014, 2015 and 2016.

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The tax rates, which were used to calculate the tax provision based on our interpretation of the EIT Law, are presented in the following table.

PRC entities	201 1		201 2		201 3		201 4		201 5

CMR Web	15.0	%	15.0	%	15.0	%	15.0	%	15.0	%
Hongcheng Liye	15.0	%	15.0	%	2 5.0	%	2 5.0	%	2 5.0	%
Hongcheng Education	15.0	%	15.0	%	2 5.0	%	2 5.0	%	2 5.0	%
Zhongnongda Networks	15.0	%	15.0	%	15.0	%	15.0	%	15.0	%
Beiyuda	7.5	%	7.5	%	15.0	%	15.0	%	15.0	%
Gotop Hongcheng	7.5	%	15.0	%	15.0	%	15.0	%	15.0	%
Hongcheng Technology	15.0	%	15.0	%	15.0	%	15.0	%	15.0	%
Dongcai	15.0	%	15.0	%	15.0	%	15.0	%	15.0	%
Chongda	15.0	%	15.0	%	15.0	%	15.0	%	15.0	%
Zhejiang Hongcheng	25.0	%	25.0	%	0	%	12.5	%	12.5	%

We cannot assure you that our entities currently classified as an HNTE will continue to be classified as such. Preferential tax treatments granted to our PRC entities by PRC governmental authorities are subject to review and may be adjusted or revoked at any time. If our subsidiaries and affiliated entities fail to maintain their preferential tax treatments, they will be subject to the 25% unified enterprise income tax rate.

The amount of income tax payable by our PRC subsidiaries in the future will depend on various factors, including, among other things, their results of operations and taxable income, and the statutory tax rate. Our effective tax rate depends in part on the extent of each of our subsidiaries’ relative contribution to our consolidated taxable income. As our business expands, we may establish new entities from time to time that, depending on applicable law, may be entitled to certain tax incentives, including reduced tax rates. We intend to continue to explore opportunities to take advantage of available tax incentives. In addition, the expiration of our remaining tax exemptions and recognition of more share-based compensation expense in the future will cause our effective tax rate to increase, since share-based compensation is not deductible for Chinese tax purposes.

We had net operating loss carry-forwards of RMB 54.0 million from our PRC entities for 201 3 that will expire on various dates between December 31, 201 4 and December 31, 201 8 .

As of December 31, 201 3 , a valuation allowance of RMB 5.9 million was provided against deferred tax assets resulting from deferred revenue and net operating loss carry-forwards of certain of our PRC entities due to our determination that it is more likely than not that these deferred tax assets related to the respective entities will not be realized. Adjustments will be made to the valuation allowance if events occur in the future that indicate changes in the amount of deferred tax assets that may be realized.

We operate through multiple PRC entities and the valuation allowances are considered separately for each PRC entity. We do not file consolidated tax returns, and, therefore, losses and deferred taxes from one PRC entity may not be used to offset another entity’s earnings or deferred taxes.

We recognized RMB6.1 million , RMB8.8 million and RMB 10.9 million of accumulated impact of unrecognized tax benefit to accumulated deficits or profits as of December 31, 201 1 , 201 2 and 201 3 , respectively.

Uncertainties exist with respect to how the current income tax law in the PRC applies to our overall operations, and more specifically, with regard to tax residency status. The EIT Law includes a provision specifying that legal entities organized outside China will be considered residents for PRC income tax purposes if their place of effective management or control is within China. The Implementation Rules to EIT Law provide that non-resident legal entities will be considered PRC residents if substantial and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel, accounting, and properties occurs within the PRC. On April 22, 2009, the State Administration of Taxation, or the SAT, issued the Notice Regarding the Determination of Chinese-Controlled Offshore Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprises on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies, or Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise is located in China. In addition, on August 3, 2011, the SAT issued a bulletin to make clarification in the areas of resident status determination, post-determination administration, as well as competent tax authorities. We do not believe that the legal entities organized outside of the PRC should be treated as residents for EIT law purposes. However, if the PRC tax authorities subsequently determine that our subsidiaries registered outside the PRC should be deemed resident enterprises, our subsidiaries registered outside the PRC will be subject to the PRC income taxes, at a rate of 25%.

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Under the EIT Law and its implementation rules which became effective on January 1, 2008, dividends generated after January 1, 2008 and payable by a foreign-invested enterprise in China to its foreign investors who are nonresident enterprises are subject to a 10% withholding tax, unless any such foreign investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding arrangement.

Our subsidiaries located in the PRC had aggregate accumulated earnings of approximately RMB 173.7 million as of December 31, 201 3 . Since we have decided to reinvest those profits for future development, no provision has been made for the PRC dividend withholding taxes that would be payable upon the distribution of those amounts to us. Accordingly, no deferred tax liability has been accrued for the PRC dividend withholding taxes that would be payable upon the distribution of those amounts to us as of December 31, 201 3 .

Under applicable accounting principles, a deferred tax liability should be recorded for taxable temporary differences attributable to the excess of carrying amount over tax basis. We have not recorded any such deferred tax liability attributable to the financial interest in our variable-interest entity because the variable-interest entity was in an accumulated loss position as of December 31, 201 3 .

Critical Accounting Policies

We prepare financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities on the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the financial reporting period. We continually evaluate these estimates and assumptions based on the most recently available information, our own historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, actual results could differ from those estimates. Some of our accounting policies require higher degrees of judgment than others in their application. We believe the following accounting policies involve the most significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

Our revenue is principally derived from the following:

(a) Online degree programs, which mainly provide: (i) online education technical and consulting services; and (ii) recruiting services and enrollment marketing services.

(i)Online education technical and consulting services

Our primary business is to provide online education technical and consulting services to the online degree programs of leading Chinese universities. These services mainly include academic program development, technology services and student support services. All these services are provided over the service period, therefore the related revenue is recognized ratably over the six-month school semester, or the Semester, during which we provides the services. A Semester generally begins in April and October of each calendar year.

(ii) Student recruiting services, online technical services and enrollment marketing services

We also provide student recruiting, online technical, and enrollment marketing services through our learning center network for collaborative universities in China, including those universities to which we provide online education technical and consulting services. The amount of service fees earned is computed as a percentage of tuition fee, which we collect from students on behalf of the universities, based on the agreements entered into with the universities. Service fees received are initially recorded as deferred revenue and are recognized as revenue ratably over the Semester during which we provides the services.

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(b) Online tutoring programs

We offer online interactive tutoring services to the students of primary and secondary schools through prepaid cards. These services allow students access to our online education services over a fixed period of time, generally ranging from one month to three years, during which period the students can access the online learning platform at any time. We sell the prepaid cards to the students directly on our website or through distributors. The payments from distributors are generally received when the prepaid cards are delivered to the distributors, and not contingent upon the resale to the students (end users).

Payments received from students or distributors are initially recognized as deferred revenue. Revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the service period, starting from the activation of the prepaid cards by the students and ending with the prepaid card’s expiration date.

We operate a number of private primary and secondary schools, which provide educational services to the students through traditional classroom education. Students register and pay for their classes at the beginning of each semester. Fees received from students upfront are initially recorded as deferred revenue. Revenue is recognized ratably over the service period, which is six months for each school semester. If a student withdraws from a class, any collected but unearned portion of the fee is recognized as revenue at that time unless the student is entitled to a refund.

(d) International and elite curriculum programs

We provide international post-secondary and English language learning services for high schools in the PRC and international polytechnic curriculum programs through traditional classroom education. For those programs, students must register and pay for their classes at the beginning of each semester or each short-term program, such as summer camp. Fees collected from learning institutions are recognized either on a straight-line basis over the service period, which is typically the six-month school semester, or when such services are completed.

Income Taxes

We are subject to income taxes in the PRC. Significant judgment is required in evaluating our uncertain tax positions and determining our provision for income taxes.

As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate our income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. This process involves us estimating our actual current tax exposure together with assessing temporary differences resulting from differing treatment of items for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which are included within our consolidated balance sheet. We must then assess the likelihood that our deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and, to the extent we believe that recovery is not likely, we must establish a valuation allowance. To the extent we establish a valuation allowance or increase this allowance in a certain period, we must include an expense within the tax provision in the statement of operations.

Recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions requires a two-step approach. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on an audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement.

We make assumptions, judgments and estimates in the recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. These judgments, assumptions and estimates take into account current tax laws, our interpretation of current tax laws and possible outcomes of current and future audits conducted by domestic tax authorities. Changes in tax law or our interpretation of tax laws and the resolution of current and future tax audits could significantly impact the amounts of unrecognized, uncertain tax positions, if any, provided or to be provided for in our consolidated financial statements. Although we believe we have adequately reserved for our uncertain tax positions, no assurance can be given that the final tax outcome of these matters will not be different. In general, PRC tax authorities have up to five years to conduct examination on our tax filings. Accordingly, our PRC subsidiaries’ and affiliated entity’s tax filings for the tax years 200 8 to 201 3 remain open to examination by the respective taxing jurisdictions.

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Share-Based Compensation

The fair value of an option award was estimated on the date of grant or the date of modification using the Black-Scholes option pricing model that uses assumptions, including fair value of the ordinary shares underlying to the options, risk free interest rate, expected life, expected dividend yield and expected volatility. The Black-Scholes model is one of the most commonly used models that meet the criteria required by authoritative pronouncement regarding accounting for share-based payment in estimating fair value of employee share options.

We have historically used the following assumptions on the date of grant or modification. During 2012 - 2013 , there were no options granted:

	201 1
Weighted average volatility rate	47.6	%
Weighted average risk-free interest rate	1.18	%
Weighted average expected option life (years)	6.0
Weighted average dividend yield	—
Weighted average fair value of ordinary share	0.84

(a) Volatility

The volatility of the underlying ordinary shares during the life of the options was estimated based on the historical stock price volatility of the Company over the past years.

(b) Risk-free interest rate

Risk-free interest rate was estimated based on the yield, as of the grant date, to maturity of treasury bonds of the United States with a maturity period close to the expected term of the options.

As we did not have sufficient historical share option exercise experience, we estimated the expected term based on a consideration of factors including contractual term, vesting period and empirical study on exercise behavior of employee share option. In the future, should more detailed information be available to us, we would consider adopting a different method of estimating expected term.

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(d) Dividend yield

We assumed a zero dividend yield based on our expected dividend policy over the expected term of the options. We anticipate growing our business with internally generated cash and do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future, nor have we paid any dividends to date.

(e) Fair value of underlying ordinary shares

The closing market price of our ordinary shares as of the grant date was used as the fair value of the underlying ordinary shares on that date.

As of December 31, 201 3 , there were options outstanding for the purchase of 6,699,624 ordinary shares and options for the purchase of 2,110,061 o rdinary shares available for future grant under our equity incentive plan. We recognize the compensation costs for employee as net of an estimated forfeiture rate using the straight-line method, over the requisite service period of the award, which is generally the vesting period of the award. The estimate of forfeitures will be adjusted over the requisite service period to the extent that actual forfeitures differ, or are expected to differ, from such estimates. Changes in estimated forfeitures will be recognized through a cumulative catch-up adjustment in the period of change and will also impact the amount of stock compensation expense to be recognized in future periods. A change in any of the terms or conditions of share options shall be accounted for as a modification of the plan. We calculate incremental compensation cost of a modification as the excess of the fair value of the modified option over the fair value of the original option immediately before its terms are modified, measured based on the share price and other pertinent factors at the modification date. For vested options, we would recognize incremental compensation cost in the period of the modification occurred and for unvested options, we would recognize, over the remaining requisite service period, the sum of the incremental compensation cost and the remaining unrecognized compensation cost for the original award on the modification date.

We also grant RSUs to employees as stock-based awards. Each RSU represents the contingent right of the participant to receive an ordinary share with zero exercise price. The fair value of each RSU is measured on the grant date based on the market closing price of the our ordinary share on the grant date. For RSUs with performance targets, we recognize compensation cost on the RSUs based on the estimated probability of achieving the performance target of each year and on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. For RSUs without performance targets, we recognizes compensation costs on the RSUs based on a straight line basis over the requisite service period. We recorded total compensation cost of RMB3,037, RMB4,454 and RMB 9,276 related to the RSUs for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. As of December 31, 2013, the estimated stock-based compensation costs to be recognized are RMB11,219 over the weighted average of 1.98 years .

Consolidation of Variable Interest Entity

Substantially all of our operations are conducted in China through our three principal PRC subsidiaries and through contractual arrangements with our PRC-affiliated entity. Our corporate structure is designed to comply with current PRC limitations on foreign ownership of, and participation in, companies engaging in the education and telecommunication sectors in China. We consolidate 100% of the interests of our subsidiaries and PRC-affiliated entity.

We have, through our wholly owned subsidiary, Hongcheng Technology, in the PRC, entered into contractual arrangements with Hongcheng Education, such that Hongcheng Education and its subsidiaries are considered variable interest entities for which we are considered primary beneficiary. These contractual arrangements include the Exclusive Technical Consulting and Service Agreement, Equity Pledge Agreements, Loan Agreements, Powers of Attorney, Shareholder Voting Rights Entrustment Agreements and Call Option Agreements. We believe that the Powers of Attorney are valid, binding and enforceable under existing PRC laws and regulations and enable Hongcheng Technology to vote on all matters requiring Hongcheng Education’s shareholder approval. We also believe that the Call Option Agreements provide us with a substantive kick out right. More specifically, we believe that the terms of the Call Option Agreements are exercisable and enforceable under current PRC laws and regulations, and the minimum amount of consideration permitted by the applicable PRC law to exercise such call option does not represent a financial barrier or disincentive for us to exercise our rights under the Call Option Agreements. Our rights under the Powers of Attorney and the Call Option Agreements give us the power to control the shareholders of Hongcheng Education and thus the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact Hongcheng Education’s economic performance. We believe that our ability to exercise control, together with the Exclusive Technical Consulting and Service Agreement and the Pledge Agreement, gives us the rights to receive substantially all of the economic benefits of Hongcheng Education and its subsidiaries in consideration for the services provided by Hongcheng Technology. Accordingly, as the primary beneficiary of Hongcheng Education and its subsidiaries and in accordance with US GAAP, we consolidate Hongcheng Education’s financial results and assets and liabilities in our consolidated financial statements.

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As advised by our PRC counsel, (i) the ownership structures of our VIE and its subsidiaries, and our PRC subsidiary, are in compliance with existing PRC laws and regulations; and (ii) the contractual arrangements among our PRC subsidiary, our VIE, and the shareholders of our VIE are valid, binding and enforceable under, and will not result in any violation of, PRC laws or regulations currently in effect. However, our PRC legal counsel has also advised us that as there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of PRC laws and regulations, the PRC regulatory authorities may take a view that is contrary to the above opinion of our PRC legal counsel. The relevant government authorities may have broad discretion in interpreting the PRC laws and regulations governing the validity of these contractual arrangements. See “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors — Risk Related to China’s Regulation of the Education and Telecommunication Sectors and Our Corporate Structure— We rely on contractual arrangements with our VIE to operate our private primary and secondary schools and to provide services to some of our university partners, which may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing operational control”, “— We may have to incur significant cost to enforce, or may not be able to effectively enforce, the contractual arrangements with our VIE and its shareholders in the event of a breach or non-compliance by our VIE or its shareholders”, and “— Certain shareholders of our VIE may have potential conflicts of interest with us, which may harm our business and financial condition”.

For the years ended December 31, 201 1 , 201 2 and 201 3 , Hongcheng Education and its subsidiaries contributed in aggregate 22%, 22% and 19 %, respectively, of our total net revenues. As of December 31, 201 2 and 201 3 , Hongcheng Education and its subsidiaries accounted for an aggregate of 2 1 % and 17 %, respectively, of our total assets, and 1 7 % and 26 %, respectively, of our total liabilities.

For additional information with respect to our relationships with Hongcheng Education, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure.”

Long-lived Assets

Our accounting for long-lived assets, including property and equipment, is described in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report. The recorded value of long-lived assets is affected by a number of management estimates, including estimated useful lives, residual values and impairment charges. We review our long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may no longer be recoverable. When these events occur, we measure impairment by comparing the carrying value of the long-lived assets to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. If the sum of the expected undiscounted cash flow is less than the carrying amount of the assets, we would recognize an impairment loss based on the fair value of the assets.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets with Indefinite Lives

Goodwill represents the cost of an acquired business in excess of the fair value of identifiable tangible and intangible net assets purchased. We assign all the assets and liabilities of an acquired business, including goodwill, to reporting units. We perform our goodwill impairment test on December 31 of each year. In September 2011, the FASB issued an authoritative pronouncement related to testing goodwill for impairment. The guidance permits us to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is “more likely than not” that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test. We have adopted this pronouncement since 2012. If it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, goodwill is then tested following a two-step process. The first step compares the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying amount, including goodwill. As of December 31, 201 3 , we had four reporting units: online degree segments, online tutoring programs, international and elite curriculum programs, and primary and secondary schools which was the only unit with no goodwill balances.

If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill is not considered to be impaired and the second step will not be required. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the second step compares the implied fair value of goodwill to the carrying value of a reporting unit’s goodwill. The implied fair value of goodwill is determined in a manner similar to accounting for a business combination with the allocation of the assessed fair value determined in the first step to the assets and liabilities of the reporting unit. The excess of the fair value of the reporting unit over the amounts assigned to the assets and liabilities is the implied fair value of goodwill. An impairment loss is recognized for any excess in the carrying value of goodwill over the implied fair value of goodwill. Estimating fair value is performed by utilizing various valuation techniques.

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In determining the fair values of our reporting units as of December 31, 201 3 , we considered the discounted cash flow method, or DCF, of the income approach to be more reliable than other approaches. The discounted cash flow for each reporting unit was projected based on financial forecast developed by management for planning purposes. Cash flows beyond the forecast periods were estimated using a terminal value calculation, which incorporated historical and forecasted financial trends for each reporting unit. Specifically, the income approach valuation included a revenue projection with compound annual growth rate ranging from - 2.9 % to 8.7 % during the five years from 201 4 to 201 8 , a cash flow discount rate ranging from 2 2 % to 2 3 %, and a terminal value growth rate ranging from 0% to 3%. Publicly available information regarding the market capitalization of us was also considered in assessing the reasonableness of the fair value of the reporting unit estimated using the income approach valuation methodology. Based on the result of goodwill impairment test as of December 31, 201 3 , no impairment of goodwill was identified.

The valuations are based on information available as of the impairment review date and are based on expectations and assumptions that have been deemed reasonable by the management. Any changes in key assumptions, including unanticipated events and circumstances, may affect the accuracy or validity of such estimates and could potentially result in additional impairment charge.

An intangible asset with indefinite lives that is not subject to amortization is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. Such impairment test consists of comparing the fair values of assets with their carrying value amounts and an impairment loss is recognized if and when the carrying amounts exceed the fair values. The estimates of fair values of intangible assets with indefinite lives are determined using various discounted cash flow valuation methodologies. Significant assumptions are inherent in this process, including estimates of discount rates.

Recent accounting pronouncements

In March 2013, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) has issued an authoritative pronouncement related to parent’s accounting for the cumulative translation adjustment upon derecognition of certain subsidiaries or groups of assets within a foreign entity or of an investment in a foreign entity. When a reporting entity (parent) ceases to have a controlling financial interest in a subsidiary or group of assets that is a nonprofit activity or a business (other than a sale of in substance real estate or conveyance of oil and gas mineral rights) within a foreign entity, the parent is required to release any related cumulative translation adjustment into net income. Accordingly, the cumulative translation adjustment should be released into net income only if the sale or transfer results in the complete or substantially complete liquidation of the foreign entity in which the subsidiary or group of assets had resided.

For an equity method investment that is a foreign entity, the partial sale guidance still applies. As such, a pro rata portion of the cumulative translation adjustment should be released into net income upon a partial sale of such an equity method investment. However, this treatment does not apply to an equity method investment that is not a foreign entity. In those instances, the cumulative translation adjustment is released into net income only if the partial sale represents a complete or substantially complete liquidation of the foreign entity that contains the equity method investment.

Additionally, the amendments in this pronouncement clarify that the sale of an investment in a foreign entity includes both: (1) events that result in the loss of a controlling financial interest in a foreign entity (i.e., irrespective of any retained investment); and (2) events that result in an acquirer obtaining control of an acquiree in which it held an equity interest immediately before the acquisition date (sometimes also referred to as a step acquisition). Accordingly, the cumulative translation adjustment should be released into net income upon the occurrence of those events.

The amendments in this pronouncement are effective prospectively for fiscal years (and interim reporting periods within those years) beginning after December 15, 2013. The amendments should be applied prospectively to derecognition events occurring after the effective date. Prior periods should not be adjusted. Early adoption is permitted. If an entity elects to early adopt the amendments, it should apply them as of the beginning of the entity’s fiscal year of adoption. We will adopt this pronouncement on January 1, 2014 and does not expect the adoption of this pronouncement will have a significant impact on its financial condition or results of operations.

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In July 2013, the FASB issued a pronouncement which provides guidance on financial statement presentation of an unrecognized tax benefit when a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward exists. The FASB’s objective in issuing this Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) is to eliminate diversity in practice resulting from a lack of guidance on this topic in current U.S. GAAP.

The amendments in this ASU state that an unrecognized tax benefit, or a portion of an unrecognized tax benefit, should be presented in the financial statements as a reduction to a deferred tax asset for a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward, except as follows. To the extent a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward is not available at the reporting date under the tax law of the applicable jurisdiction to settle any additional income taxes that would result from the disallowance of a tax position or the tax law of the applicable jurisdiction does not require the entity to use, and the entity does not intend to use, the deferred tax asset for such purpose, the unrecognized tax benefit should be presented in the financial statements as a liability and should not be combined with deferred tax assets.

This ASU applies to all entities that have unrecognized tax benefits when a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward exists at the reporting date. The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2013. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments should be applied prospectively to all unrecognized tax benefits that exist at the effective date. Retrospective application is permitted. We will adopt this pronouncement on January 1, 2014 and does not expect the adoption of this pronouncement will have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements.

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Results of Operations

The following table sets forth selected data from our consolidated statements of operations for the periods indicated.

	Years ended December 31,
	2011				201 2				201 3
	RMB		% of net revenue		RMB		% of net revenue		RMB		US$		% of net revenue
	(In thousands, except for percentages)
Net revenue:
Online degree programs	347,107		79.6	%	393,343		80.5	%	438,375		72,414		80.0	%
Online tutoring programs	25,755		5.9	%	25,266		5.2	%	31,312		5,172		5.7	%
Private primary and secondary schools	49,653		11.4	%	59,937		12.3	%	68,747		11,357		12.5	%
International and elite curriculum programs	13,344		3.1	%	9,776		2.0	%	9,506		1,570		1.8	%
Total net revenue	435,859		100	%	488,322		100.0	%	547,940		90,513		100	%
Cost of revenue:
Online degree programs	124,242		28.5	%	137,689		28.2	%	147,597		24,381		26.9	%
Online tutoring programs	9,107		2.1	%	11,861		2.4	%	10,829		1,789		2.0	%
Private primary and secondary schools	36,127		8.3	%	42,713		8.7	%	46,945		7,755		8.6	%
International and elite curriculum programs	16,128		3.7	%	9,846		2.0	%	5,628		930		1.0	%
Total cost of revenue	185,604		42.6	%	202,109		41.4	%	210,999		34,855		38.5	%
Gross profit:
Online degree programs	222,865		51.1	%	255,654		52.4	%	290,778		48,033		53.1	%
Online tutoring programs	16,648		3.8	%	13,405		2.7	%	20,483		3,383		3.7	%
Private primary and secondary schools	13,526		3.1	%	17,224		3.5	%	21,802		3,602		4.0	%
International and elite curriculum programs	(2,784	)	(0.6	%	(70	)	—	%	3,878		640		0.7	%
Total gross profit	250,255		57.4	%	286,213		58.6	%	336,941		55,658		61.5	%
Gross profit margin:
Online degree programs	64.2	%	—		65.0	%	—		66.3	%	66.3	%	—
Online tutoring programs	64.6	%	—		53.1	%	—		65.4	%	65.4	%	—
Private primary and secondary schools	27.2	%	—		28.7	%	—		31.7	%	31.7	%	—
International and elite curriculum programs	(20.9	)%	—		(0.7	)%	—		40.8	%	40.8	%	—
Total gross profit margin	57.4	%	—		58.6	%	—		61.5	%	61.5	%	—
Operating expenses:
General and administrative	93,950		21.6	%	100,204		20.5	%	113,305		18,717		20.7	%
Selling and marketing	52,777		12.1	%	48,407		9.9	%	46,257		7,641		8.4	%
Research and development	40,589		9.3	%	40,512		8.3	%	49,948		8,251		9.1	%
Intangible assets impairment	—		—		5,901		1.2	%	—		—		—
Total operating expenses	187,316		43.0	%	195,024		39.9	%	209,510		34,609		38.2	%
Income from operations	62,939		14.4	%	91,189		18.7	%	127,431		21,049		23.3	%
Operating margin	14.4	%			18.7	%			23.3	%	23.3	%
Interest income	8,843		2.0	%	13,253		2.7	%	12,793		2,113		2.2	%
Interest expense	—		—		—		—		(12,849	)	(2,122	)	(2.3	)%
Gain on disposal of subsidiaries	—		—		2,197		0.4	%	—		—		—
Investment income	832		0.2	%	1,460		0.3	%	497		82		0.1	%
Other income	1,003		0.2	%	1,376		0.3	%	1,951		322		0.4	%
Foreign exchange loss	—		—		—		—		(2,728	)	(451	)	(0.5	)%
Income before income tax and equity method investments	73,617		16.9	%	109,475		22.4	%	127,095		20,993		23.2	%
Income tax provisions	17,044		3.9	%	26,427		5.4	%	27,789		4,590		5.1	%
Net income before income from equity method investments	56,573		13.0	%	83,048		17.0	%	99,306		16,403		18.1	%
Income from equity method investments, net of taxes	—		—		261		0.1	%	692		115		0.1	%
Net income	56,573		13.0	%	83,309		17.1	%	99,998		16,518		18.2	%
Less: net income contributable to the noncontrolling interests	39,752		9.1	%	45,338		9.3	%	49,500		8,178		9.0	%
Net income attributable to ChinaEdu Corporation shareholders	16,821		3.9	%	37,971		7.8	%	50,498		8,340		9.2	%

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Year ended December 31, 201 3 compared to the year ended December 31, 201 2

Net Revenue. Our total net revenue in 201 3 was RMB 5 4 7 . 9 million ($ 90 . 5 million), representing a 12. 2 % increase, compared to RMB4 88 . 3 million in 201 2 .

Online degree programs. Net revenue from online degree programs in 201 3 was RMB 438.4 million ($ 72.4 million), representing an 1 1 . 4 % increase from RMB393.3 million in 201 2 . This increase was primarily attributable to strong enrollment growth in online degree programs in fiscal year 201 3 , particularly through our learning center network. In aggregate, our university partners had approximately 4 47 ,000 revenue students in 201 3 , representing a 1 1 . 8 % increase from approximately 400,000 revenue students in 201 2 .

Online tutoring programs. Net revenue from our online tutoring business in creased by approximately 23 .9% from RMB25. 3 million in 201 2 to RMB 31 .3 million ($ 5 . 2 million) in 201 3 . The in crease was primarily due to the improvement in quality of teaching services and the development of teaching products.

Private primary and secondary schools. Net revenue from our private primary and secondary school business increased by approximately 14 .7% from RMB59.9 million in 201 2 to RMB 68.7 million ($ 11 . 4 million) in 201 3 . This was primarily due to increased student enrollments as well as tuition fees at the Pingdingshan school.

International and elite curriculum programs . Net revenue from our international and elite curriculum programs decreased by approximately 2. 8 % from RMB9.8 million in 201 2 to RMB9. 5 million ($1.6 million) in 201 3 . This decrease was mainly attributable to a decrease in student enrollment as students participating in the international curriculum programs decreased from 1, 7 00 in 201 2 to 1, 6 00 in 201 3 .

Cost of Revenue. Total cost of revenue in 201 3 was RMB2 11 . 0 million ($3 4 . 9 million), representing an increase of 4.4 % as compared to RMB202.1 million in 201 2 .

Online degree programs. Cost of revenue from our online degree programs in 201 3 was RMB1 4 7. 6 million ($2 4 . 4 million), representing a 7 . 2 % increase from RMB137.7 million in 201 2 . The increase was primarily due to an increase in staff costs resulting from headcount increases across the Company, as well as an increase in courseware costs related to new training courses and the growth of students need. Additionally, the sales and service based model of our learning centers network results in a higher cost of sales. The more revenue generated from learning centers, the higher cost of revenue would incur.

Online tutoring programs. Cost of revenue for our online tutoring programs de creased by approximately 8 . 7 % from RMB 11 . 9 million in 201 2 to RMB1 0 . 8 million ($1. 8 million) in 201 3 . This de crease was mainly due to decreased staff costs resulting from natural wastage and initiatives taken by the Company to be more productive with employees.

Private primary and secondary schools. Cost of revenue for our private primary and secondary schools increased by approximately 9 . 9 % from RMB42.7 million in 201 2 to RMB4 6 . 9 million ($ 7 . 8 million) in 201 3 . This was mostly attributable to the increased staff and transportation costs at our Anqing private school.

International and elite curriculum programs. Cost of revenue for our international and elite curriculum programs decreased by approximately 42 . 8 % from RMB9.8 million in 201 2 to RMB 5.6 million ($ 0 . 9 million) in 201 3 . This was primarily attributable to the decreases in staff costs and leasing costs in connection with the shrinking operation of our international and elite curriculum programs.

Gross Profit and Gross Margin. Gross profit in 201 3 was RMB 336.9 million ($ 55.7 million) as compared with RMB286.2 million in 201 2 , representing an increase of 1 7.7 %. Gross margin in 201 3 was 61.5 %, as compared with gross margin of 5 8 . 6 % in 201 2 . Gross margin for the online degree programs was 6 6.3 % in 201 3 as compared with gross margin for the online degree programs of 65.0 % in 201 2 . The increase in gross margin was primarily due to the increased net revenue coupled with our stringent cost controls over the year.

Operating Expenses Total operating expenses in 201 3 were RMB 209.5 million ($3 4.6 million), representing a n7 . 4 % increase from RMB195.0 million in 201 2 . This increase was attributable primarily to the factors discussed below:

General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses in 201 3 were RMB1 13 . 3 million ($1 8.7 million), representing a 13.1 % increase from RMB100.2 million in 201 2 . The increase was mainly the result of (i) increased service costs associated with the privatization (ii) early repayment charge related to a bank loan ; and (iii) an increas e in stock related expenses due to granting of restricted shares to staff.

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Selling and marketing expenses. Selling and marketing expenses in 201 3 were RMB4 6 . 3 million ($7. 6 million), representing an 4.4 % decrease from RMB48.4 million in 201 2 . The decrease was primarily attributable to a significant decrease in marketing activities associated with our online tutoring programs .

Research and development. Research and development expenses in 201 3 were RMB4 9 . 9 million ($ 8 . 3 million), representing a 23.3 % in crease from RMB40.5 million in 201 2 . The increase was primarily the result of increased staff costs associated with the Company’s investment in technology upgrades.

Share-based compensation. Share-based compensation in 201 3 , which was allocated to the related cost of revenue and operating expenses, was RMB 9 . 9 million ($1. 6 million), representing an increase of RMB1. 6 million from RMB8.3 million in 201 2 .

Income from operations. Income from operations was RMB1 27 . 4 million ($ 21 . 0 million) in 201 3 , as compared to RMB91.2 million in 201 2 .And operating margin was 23.3 % in 201 3 as compared to 18.7% in 201 2 .

Interest income. Interest income de creased by 3.5 % to RMB1 2 . 8 million ($2.1 million) in 201 3 , as compared to RMB13.3 million in 201 2 . This de crease was primarily due to the lower interest rate for cash pledged for bank loans compared to higher yield of financial investment products.

Income tax provision. Income tax expense in 201 3 was RMB 27.8 million ($4. 6 million), representing a 5. 2 % increase from RMB26.4 million in 201 2 . The increase was primarily related to the increased profit before tax in 201 3 .The 201 3 effective tax rate was 2 1 . 7 %, compared with 24.1% of 201 2 .

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests was RMB4 9 . 5 million ($ 8 . 2 million) in 201 3 , representing a 9.2 % increase as compared to RMB45.3 million in 201 2 , which was primarily attributable to the noncontrolling interest impact related to the increase in net income from online degree programs in 201 3 .

Net income attributable to ChinaEdu. Net income attributable to ChinaEdu was RMB 50.5 million ($ 8.3 million) in 201 3 , compared with RMB38.0 million in 201 2 .

Year ended December 31, 2012 compared to the year ended December 31, 2011

Net Revenue. Our total net revenue in 2012 was RMB488.3 million ($78.4 million), representing a 12.0% increase, compared to RMB435.9 million in 2011.

Online degree programs. Net revenue from online degree programs in 2012 was RMB393.3 million ($63.1 million), representing a 13.3% increase from RMB347.1 million in 2011. This increase was primarily attributable to strong enrollment growth in online degree programs in fiscal year 2012, particularly through our learning center network. In aggregate, our university partners had approximately 400,000 revenue students in 2012, representing a 12.4% increase from approximately 356,000 revenue students in 2011.

Online tutoring programs. Net revenue from our online tutoring business decreased by approximately 1.9% from RMB25.8 million in 2011 to RMB25.3 million ($4.1 million) in 2012. The decrease was primarily due tithe revenue related to barter transactions decreased from RMB4.5 million ($0.7 million) in 2011 to RMB0.1 million ($0.02 million) in 2012.Putting this factor aside, revenue from our traditional online tutoring business and the off-line one-on-one business was actually increased by 18.3% from RMB21.3 million ($3.4 million) in 2011 to RMB25.2 million ($4.0 million) in 2012.

Private primary and secondary schools. Net revenue from our private primary and secondary school business increased by approximately 20.7% from RMB49.7 million in 2011 to RMB59.9 million ($9.6 million) in 2012. This was primarily due to increased student enrollments as well as tuition fees at the Anqing private school.

International and elite curriculum programs . Net revenue from our international and elite curriculum programs decreased by approximately 26.7% from RMB13.3 million in 2011 to RMB9.8 million ($1.6 million) in 2012. This decrease was mainly attributable to a decrease in student enrollment as students participating in the international curriculum programs decreased from 1,800 in 2011 to 1,700 in 2012.

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Cost of Revenue. Total cost of revenue in 2012 was RMB202.1 million ($32.4 million), representing an increase of 8.9% as compared to RMB185.6 million in 2011.

Online degree programs. Cost of revenue from our online degree programs in 2012 was RMB137.7 million ($22.1 million), representing a 10.8% increase from RMB124.2 million in 2011. The increase was primarily due to an increase in staff costs resulting from headcount increases across the Company, as well as an increase in courseware costs related to new training courses and the growth of students need. Additionally, the sales and service based model of our learning centers network results in a higher cost of sales. The more revenue generated from learning centers, the higher cost of revenue would incur.

Online tutoring programs. Cost of revenue for our online tutoring programs increased by approximately 30.2% from RMB9.1 million in 2011 to RMB11.9 million ($1.9 million) in 2012. This increase was mainly due to increases in service costs and leasing costs.

Private primary and secondary schools. Cost of revenue for our private primary and secondary schools increased by approximately 18.2% from RMB36.1 million in 2011 to RMB42.7 million ($6.9 million) in 2012. This was mostly attributable to the increased staff and transportation costs at our Anqing private school.

International and elite curriculum programs. Cost of revenue for our international and elite curriculum programs decreased by approximately 39.0% from RMB16.1 million in 2011 to RMB9.8 million ($1.6 million) in 2011. This was primarily attributable to the decreases in staff costs and leasing costs in connection with the shrinking operation of our international and elite curriculum programs.

Gross Profit and Gross Margin. Gross profit in 2012 was RMB286.2 million ($45.9 million) as compared with RMB250.3 million in 2011, representing an increase of 14.4%. Gross margin in 2012 was 58.6%, as compared with gross margin of 57.4% in 2011. Gross margin for the online degree programs was 65.0% in 2012 as compared with gross margin for the online degree programs of 64.2% in 2011. The increase in gross margin was primarily due to the increased net revenue coupled with our stringent cost controls over the year.

Operating Expenses Total operating expenses in 2012 were RMB195.0 million ($31.3 million), representing a 4.1% increase from RMB187.3 million in 2011. This increase was attributable primarily to the factors discussed below:

General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses in 2012 were RMB100.2 million ($16.1 million), representing a 6.7% increase from RMB94.0 million in 2011. The increase was mainly the result of (i) fines paid for early termination of a lease agreement; (ii) an increase in stock related expenses due to granting of restricted shares to staff; and (iii) an increase in conference participation and travel expenses.

Selling and marketing expenses. Selling and marketing expenses in 2012 were RMB48.4 million ($7.8 million), representing an 8.3% decrease from RMB52.8 million in 2011. The decrease was primarily attributable to a significant decrease in marketing activities surrounding international and elite curriculum programs.

Research and development. Research and development expenses in 2012 were RMB40.5 million ($6.5 million), representing a 0.2% decrease from RMB40.6 million in 2011.

Intangible assets impairment. The Company incurred an intangible assets impairment charge in relation to the BCIT (British Columbia Institute of Technology) and FEC (Friendly Experimental Class) programs in the international and elite curriculum segment in the third quarter of 2012, resulting in an aggregate non-cash charge of RMB5.9 million ($0.9 million).

Share-based compensation. Share-based compensation in 2012, which was allocated to the related cost of revenue and operating expenses, was RMB8.3 million ($1.3 million), representing an increase of RMB1.8 million from RMB6.5 million in 2011.

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Income from operations. Income from operations was RMB91.2 million ($14.6 million) in 2012, as compared to RMB62.9 million in 2011.And operating margin was 18.7% in 2012 as compared to 14.4% in 2011.

Interest income. Interest income increased by 49.9% to RMB13.3 million ($2.1 million) in 2012, as compared to RMB8.8 million in 2011. This increase was primarily attributable to an increase in cash and liquid investment balances and a higher effective interest rate in 2012 compared to 2011.

Income tax provision. Income tax expense in 2012 was RMB26.4 million ($4.2 million), representing a 55.1% increase from RMB17.0 million in 2011. The increase was primarily related to the increased profit before tax for us in 2012.The 2012 effective tax rate was 24.1%, compared with 23.2% of 2011.

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests was RMB45.3 million ($7.3 million) in 2012, representing a 14.1% increase as compared to RMB39.8 million in 2011, which was primarily attributable to the noncontrolling interest impact related to the increase in net income from online degree programs in 2012.

Net income attributable to ChinaEdu. Net income attributable to ChinaEdu was RMB38.0 million ($6.1 million) in 2012, compared with RMB16.8 million in 2011.

B. Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since our initial public offering in December 2007, we have financed our operations primarily through cash flows from operations and our initial public offering. As of December 31, 201 3 , we had RMB 568.9 million ($ 94.0 million) in cash and bank deposits, RMB4.1 million ($0.7 million) monthly revolving loan and RMB213.9 million ($35.3 million) three years loan . Our cash and bank deposits primarily consist of cash on hand, demand deposits and term deposits with original maturity terms of greater than three months but less than one year that are placed with banks and other financial institutions. A portion of the cash balances of our PRC-affiliated entity and its subsidiaries may be paid to us pursuant to our contractual arrangements with it and its subsidiaries for our technical and teaching support, enrollment system and other services. We may fund the cash needs of our PRC-affiliated entity from time to time.

We have not encountered any difficulties meeting our cash obligations to date. Since we do not expect to make additional significant capital expenditures through the end of 201 4 , we believe that our current cash and cash equivalents and anticipated future cash flows from operations, will be sufficient to meet our presently anticipated cash needs. We may, however, require additional cash due to changing business conditions or other future developments, including any investments or acquisitions we may decide to pursue. If our existing cash is insufficient to meet our requirements, we may seek selling additional equity securities or debt securities or borrow from lending institutions.

In 2010, we completed construction of the new campus at the Anqing School. We had outstanding capital commitments of approximately RMB64.8 million as of December 31, 201 3 associated with the acquisition of Jingzhou School (Southern Campus). However, due to the ongoing delays that have prevented construction at Jingzhou School (Southern Campus), we are currently unable to estimate when the outstanding RMB64.8 million capital commitment will be paid. For details on our property renovation and construction plans, see “Item 4. Information on the company- D. Property plants and Equipment.”

The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated:

	Years ended December 31,
	2011		2012		2013
	RMB		RMB		RMB		US$
	(In thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities	124,458		122,296		165,422		27,325
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	(22,249	)	10,774		(44,944	)	(7,424	)
Net cash used in financing activities	(19,036	)	(20,947	)	(74,754	)	(12,348	)
Effect of exchange rate changes	80		53		198		33
Net changes in cash and cash equivalents	83,253		112,176		45,922		7,586
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	190,493		273,746		385,922		63,750
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	273,746		385,922		431,844		71,336

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Operating Activities

In 201 3 , we generated positive cash flow from operating activities of RMB1 65 . 4 million ($ 27 . 3 million), which was primarily derived from our net income of RMB 100.0 million ($1 6 . 5 million), adjusted by the add-back of non-cash items of RMB4 5 . 8 million ($ 7 . 6 million) from a number of factors, including share-based compensation expenses of RMB 9 . 9 million ($1. 6 million), depreciation of RMB25. 6 million ($4. 2 million) , amortization of debt discount of RMB4.3 million ($0.7 million) and amortization of intangible assets and land use rights of RMB 3 . 7 million ($0. 6 million). These positive cash flows were also enhanced by aggregate changes in our current assets and liabilities of RMB 19.6 million ($ 3 . 2 million), which included an RMB2 3 . 8 million ($3. 9 million) increase in accrued expenses and other current liabilities, an RMB13.9 million ($2.3 million) increase in income tax payable, an RMB 9.0 million ($1.5 million) increase in other tax payable, an RMB9.0 million ($1.5 million) increase in amounts due to related parties, an RMB 8 . 1 million ($ 1 . 3 million) de crease in accounts receivable and an RMB 4 . 1 million ($ 0 . 7 million) increase in deferred revenue. Those positive factors were partially offset by the increase in amounts due from related parties of RMB 41.9 million ($ 6 . 9 million).

In 2012, we generated positive cash flow from operating activities of RMB122.3 million ($19.6 million), which was primarily derived from our net income of RMB83.3 million ($13.4 million), adjusted by the add-back of non-cash items of RMB42.6 million ($6.8 million) from a number of factors, including share-based compensation expenses of RMB8.3 million ($1.3 million), depreciation of RMB25.4 million ($4.1 million) and amortization of intangible assets and land use rights of RMB4.5 million ($0.7 million). These positive cash flows were offset by aggregate changes in our current assets and liabilities of RMB3.6 million ($0.6 million), which included an RMB20.9 million ($3.3 million) increase in accrued expenses and other current liabilities, an RMB22.5 million ($3.6 million) increase in amounts due to related parties and an RMB7.4 million ($1.2 million) increase in deferred revenue. Those positive factors were partially offset by the increase in amounts due from related parties of RMB64.3 million ($10.3 million) and the increase in accounts receivable of RMB3.8 million also ($0.6 million).

In 2011, we generated positive cash flow from operating activities of RMB124.5 million ($19.8 million), which was primarily derived from our net income of RMB56.6 million ($9.0 million), adjusted by the add-back of non-cash items of RMB35.6 million ($5.7 million) from a number of factors, including share-based compensation expenses of RMB6.5 million ($1.0 million), depreciation of RMB23.9 million ($3.8 million) and amortization of intangible assets and land use rights of RMB4.8 million ($0.8 million). These positive cash flows were also enhanced by aggregate changes in our current assets and liabilities of RMB32.3 million ($5.1 million), which included an RMB8.7 million ($1.4 million) decrease in accrued expenses and other current liabilities, an RMB8.6 million ($1.4 million) decrease in amounts due from related parties, an RMB21.9 million ($3.5 million) increase in deferred revenue and an RMB3.6 million ($0.6 million) decrease in accounts receivable. Those positive factors were partially offset by the decrease in amounts due to related parties of RMB19.7 million ($3.1 million).

Investing Activities

In 201 3 , net cash used in investing activities was RMB 44.9 million ($ 7 . 4 million), which was primarily related to purchase of term deposits in the amount of RMB 597.9 million ($ 98.8 million) andthe purchase of property and equipment in the amount of RMB1 5 . 9 million ($2. 6 million) . These cash out flows were partially offset by the maturity of term deposits in the amount of RMB 552.7 million ($ 91 . 3 million) , the p roceedsfrom disposal of equity method investment in the amount of RMB 8 . 0 million ($ 1 . 3 million)and proceeds from the sale of short-term investments in the amount of RMB 7 . 8 million ($ 1 . 3 million).

In 2012, net cash provided by investing activities was RMB10.8 million ($1.7 million), which was primarily related to proceeds from the sale of short term investments in the amount of RMB26.2 million ($4.2 million), the maturity of term deposits in the amount of RMB6.1 million ($1.0 million) and proceeds from disposal of subsidiaries, net of cash disposed in the amount of RMB5.0 million ($0.8 million). These cash inflows were partially offset by the purchase of property and equipment in the amount of RMB12.4 million ($2.0 million) and the purchase of investments in the amount of RMB13.6 million ($2.2 million).

In 2011, net cash used in investing activities was RMB22.2 million ($3.5 million), which was primarily related to the purchase of property and equipment in the amount of RMB20.8 million ($3.3 million), our deposits paid for the acquisition of property and equipment in the amount of RMB18.9 million ($3.0 million) and our purchase of investments in the amount of RMB19.6 million ($3.1 million). These cash outflows were partially offset by the maturity of term deposits in the amount of RMB22.3million ($3.5 million) and proceeds from the sale of investments in the amount of RMB16.3 million ($2.6 million).

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Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities in 201 3 was RMB 74 . 8 million ($ 12 . 3 million), primarily consisting of the repurchase and cancellation of ordinary shares in the amount of RMB285.6 million ($47.2 million), the repayment of borrowing of debts in the amounts of RMB2 23 . 0 million ($ 36 . 8 million) , RMB17.3 million ($2.9 million) in cash dividends paid to noncontrolling shareholders and financing cost related loans in the amount of RMB8.6 million ($1.4 million) . In addition, we received proceeds from borrowing of debt in the amount of RMB 448 . 7 million ($ 74 .1 million) and exercise of share options in the amount of RMB11.1 million ($1.8 million) .

Net cash used in financing activities in 2012 was RMB20.9 million ($3.4 million), primarily consisting of RMB21.4 million ($3.4 million) in cash dividends paid to noncontrolling shareholders and the repurchase of ordinary shares in the amount of RMB4.6 million ($0.7 million). In addition, we received proceeds from exercise of share options in the amount of RMB5.1 million ($0.8 million).

Net cash used in financing activities in 2011 was RMB19.0 million ($3.0 million), primarily consisting of RMB13.5 million ($2.1 million) in cash dividends paid to noncontrolling shareholders and the repurchase of ordinary shares in the amount of RMB7.5 million ($1.2 million). In addition, we received RMB3.0 million ($0.5 million) in capital contributions from noncontrolling shareholders.

Capital Expenditures

We made capital expenditures of RMB39.7 million , RMB12.4 million and RMB 15.9 million ($ 2.6 million) in 201 1 , 201 2 and 201 3 , respectively. These capital expenditures were primarily for the acquisition of land and buildings at our Pingdingshan School, Anqing School and Jingzhou School (Southern Campus) and for additional office space relating to our online degree programs. Each of our three private schools (Pingdingshan School, Anqing School and Jingzhou School (Southern Campus)) has associated properties that we either own or lease. We estimate that capital expenditures for fiscal year 201 4 will be approximately RMB1. 1 million ($0.2 million) at our Anqing School and Pingdingshan School. As discussed above, because of the ongoing delays that have prevented construction at our Jingzhou School (Southern Campus), we do not currently anticipate incurring any capital expenditures in connection with the construction of the Jingzhou School (Southern Campus) in the near future, or at all.

Subsequent Events

On December 31, 2013, the Company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) with ChinaEdu Holdings Limited (“Holdings”) and ChinaEdu Merger Sub Limited (“Merger Sub”) pursuantto which Merger Sub will be merged with and into the Company (the “Merger”) and cease to exist, with the Company continuing as the surviving corporation and becoming a wholly-owned subsidiary of Holdings.

The Merger Agreement was approved and authorized by the requisite vote of the Company’s shareholders on the extraordinary general meeting held on April 18, 2014 and the Merger wasdeclared effective on April 23, 2013. Each ordinary share of the Company, par value $0.01 per share (“Share”) issued andoutstanding immediately prior to the effective time of the Merger was cancelled and cease to exist and was converted into and exchanged for the right to receive $2.33 and each of the Company’s ADS, each representing three Shares, was cancelled in exchange for the right to receive $7.00, in each case, in cash, without interest and net of any applicable withholding taxes. The total cash consideration to close the Merger was $30.7 million. On April 23, 2014, Holdings drew down the full amount of USD30.0 million to pay out the above merger considerations from the facility agreement that it entered into with China Merchants Bank Co., Ltd., Hong Kong Branch. The remainder $0.7 million of the merger consideration was funded by the Company’s own cash.

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On April 23, the effective time of the Merger, each option to purchase Shares (each, a “Company Option”) granted pursuant to the Company Plan that was then outstanding and unexercised, whether or not vested, were cancelled and converted into and exchanged for an option to acquire one fully paid and non-assessable ordinary share, par value $0.001 per share, of Holdings (each, a “Holdings Option”). Each Holdings Option has an exercise or purchase price equal to the exercise or purchase price of the corresponding Company Option. Each Holdings Option retains the same grant date, the same vesting or exercise schedule, the same term and expiration date and substantially the same other material terms and conditions as each Company Option.

On April 23, 2014, each restricted stock unit granted pursuant to the Company Plan (each, a “Company RSU “) wascancelled and converted into and exchanged for a restricted stock unit of Holdings (each, a “Holdings RSU”). Each Holdings RSU is subject to the same terms and conditions as each Company RSU.

C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.

Intellectual Property and Proprietary Rights

We regard our copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and other intellectual property rights as critical to our business. We rely on trademark and copyright law, trade secret protection, non-competition and confidentiality and/or licensing agreements with our executive officers, clients, contractors and others to protect our intellectual property rights. We have registered our chinaedu.com , prcedu.com and chinaedu.net Internet domain names, which are held by our PRC-affiliated entity’s subsidiaries.

We have directly, or indirectly through our PRC-affiliated entity, registered for trademark protection for certain intellectual property relating to our brand and our websites with the Trademark Office of the Chinese State Administration for Industry and Commerce. We have also registered some of the computer software that we have developed for copyright protection with the Chinese National Copyright Office.

We, together with our university partners, have developed courseware for our university partners’ online degree programs. All of this courseware is proprietary to us or the collaborative alliances we form with these universities.

Our intellectual property is subject to risks of infringement and other unauthorized use, and our ability to protect our intellectual property from unauthorized use is limited. In addition, we may be subject to claims that we have infringed the intellectual property rights of others. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—If we are unable to prevent others from using our intellectual property or if we are subject to intellectual property infringement claims by others, our business may be materially and adversely affected.”

Technology

We provide end-to-end technology solutions to our customers providing online degree programs. Our technology consists of a series of systems and tools, including our Learning Management System, which enables the online universities to manage the entire student lifecycle from student application to graduation by providing system support to the student’s learning process and the university staff’s daily management process. We also provide a learning content creation and management system, which enables the team working on courseware development to bring the courseware from the concept and design stage to production and implementation, as well as manage courseware content, and various delivery and management systems and tools. In addition, in the past months we have been introducing more creative, front-end utilities to our customers, including real-time, virtual online classroom and mass-capacity flash-based course on-demand system to improve user experience in the online education scenario.

Our strategy is to develop, integrate and deliver the most suitable, stable, efficient and cost-effective systems to our customers in the online education market in China. Our in-depth understanding of the online education market and the operational model of online education programs help us develop technology solutions suited to the needs of our current and future customers. Our accumulated experience and proprietary technology have further strengthened our leading position in the online education service market.

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Our technology is based on the Microsoft platform for online degree, as well as other open source projects like computer algebra system (CAS), Sakai and LifeRay. Core supporting systems and training programs are implemented with Linux servers. Application software and databases are further supported by storage and back-up technologies. In addition to providing software solutions, along with maintenance support and customized development, we provide centralized system and network management services to our online degree program customers. Our production servers are hosted at a data center operated by China Telecom. In addition to the services provided by the data center (such as uninterrupted power supply), the servers are supported by advanced technologies to ensure security, scalability, reliability and expandability. Additionally, our bandwidth is scalable to accommodate spikes in user activity and content delivery network services by the top two providers are utilized to guarantee scalability and reliability.

Using advanced technologies, our system can identify errors and isolate failed servers automatically to minimize the interruption of our customers’ access to our services. Our websites are hosted at a third-party facility in Beijing. This facility provides redundant utility systems, a back-up electric generator and 24-hour server support. All our servers have redundant power supplies to maximize system and data availability. We regularly back-up our databases automatically on storage devices hosted at an Internet data center to minimize the impact of data loss due to system failures and we maintain back-up files offsite to facilitate disaster recovery.

D. Trend Information

Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our net revenues, income, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that caused the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of future operating results or financial conditions.

E. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have not entered into any financial guarantees or other commitments to guarantee the payment obligations of any third parties. In addition, we do not have any retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity that serves as credit, liquidity or market risk support to such entity. Furthermore, we do not have any variable interest in any unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit support to us or engages in leasing, hedging or research and development services with us.

Authoritative pronouncement regarding consolidation of variable-interest entities requires a “variable-interest entity” to be consolidated by the primary beneficiary of such entity. An entity is considered to be a variable-interest entity if certain conditions are present, including where the equity investors in the entity do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest or do not have sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties. As a result of our various agreements with Hongcheng Education and its respective shareholders, we are considered to be the primary beneficiary of Hongcheng Education and all its subsidiaries. The financial statements of Hongcheng Education and all its subsidiaries have been consolidated into our financial statements. All significant transactions and balances between us, our subsidiaries, Hongcheng Education and all its subsidiaries have been eliminated upon consolidation.

F. Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations

Contractual Obligations

The following table sets forth our contractual obligations and commercial commitments as of December 31, 201 3 .

	Payment Due by December 31
	Total	201 4	201 5	201 6	201 7	201 8	Thereafter
	(In RMB thousands)
Operating lease obligations	20,476	9,075	4,355	3,444	2,002	1,578	22
Facility fees to a middle school (1)	13,200	1,200	1,200	1,200	1,200	1,200	7,200
Capital obligations for private primary and secondary schools (2)	65,827	1,075
Unrecognized tax benefit (3)	10,873

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(1) These amounts represent the user fees that our Anqing School will pay to the Fourth Middle School of Anqing for the use of certain facilities of the Fourth Middle School of Anqing over the period set out in the related agreement.

(2) These amounts include the remaining portion of our capital commitments to the Jingzhou government for the expansion of the Jingzhou School (Southern Campus) (approximately RMB64.8 million ($10. 7 million)), and also include RMB1. 1 million ($0.2 million) that has been contracted for the Anqing School and the Pingdingshan School’s constructions with third-party contractors in 2014. Since we do not know when construction will begin at the Jingzhou School, we are unable to reasonably estimate the timing of the capital commitment for the Jingzhou School.

(3) This amount represents unrecognized tax benefit pursuant to the authoritative pronouncement regarding to accounting for uncertainties in income tax. Since there is a high degree of uncertainty regarding the timing of future cash outflows, we are unable to make reasonable estimates regarding the timing of settlement with the respective tax authority.

Other than the contractual obligations set forth above, we do not have any other long-term debt obligations, operating lease obligations, purchase obligations or other long-term liabilities.

G. Safe Harbor